Skip to main content

Eunice Newton Foote and Anthropogenic Climate Change


by Maili Pieragostini 

Who was the first to recognize that anthropogenic activity could cause global warming? Many might say Joseph Fourier, who was the first to theorize through mathematical calculations that Earth’s atmosphere insulates the planet. Others might say John Tyndall, the 19th-century physicist whose name became synonymous with the science of heat and gases. But there is another scientist, a woman whose name was nearly lost to history. Eunice Newton Foote, the first to experimentally demonstrate that certain gases trap heat from the sun. 

Eunice Newton Foote was a scientist, inventor, and early advocate for women’s rights. In 1856, at a time when women were excluded from most scientific institutions, Foote conducted a groundbreaking experiment in her home laboratory. Her goal was simple yet profound: to understand how different gases respond to sunlight.

Using glass cylinders, thermometers, and an air pump, Foote tested how gases like carbon dioxide and ordinary air reacted under sunlight. What she found would change how we understand our planet forever.

Carbon dioxide, she observed, trapped the most heat – far more than ordinary air. She concluded that if Earth’s atmosphere contained more carbon dioxide, the planet’s temperature would rise. In other words, Eunice Newton Foote recognized that anthropogenic activity could contribute to the warming of the planet, nearly three years before John Tyndall published his famous results.

But Foote never presented her findings herself. In 1856, women were not permitted to speak before the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Instead, a man, physicist Joseph Henry, read her paper aloud on her behalf.

Foote’s work was printed in the American Journal of Science and Arts, and briefly mentioned in Scientific American, yet it vanished from the official records of the AAAS. The likely reasons? She was a woman, and she did not attempt to explain how carbon dioxide traps heat. 

Eunice Newton Foote was not only a scientist; she was also a reformer. As a signatory of the Declaration of Sentiments at the Seneca Falls Convention, she stood beside Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott in demanding equality for women. Her scientific work and her activism were rooted in the same principle: the right to speak, to be heard, and to contribute to the progress of society.

Through science and advocacy alike, Foote exercised what can only be called the tools of democracy: freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom of assembly. She used writing when she could not speak, publication when she could not present, and participation when society told her to remain silent.

For more than a century, her discovery went uncredited. Only recently has history begun to correct itself, recognizing Foote as the first to connect carbon dioxide and atmospheric warming. Today, her insight forms the foundation of modern climate science.

Her rediscovery is not just about fairness in science: it is a reminder that democracy itself depends on whose voices are recorded, remembered, and amplified.

Eunice Newton Foote’s story teaches us that the progress of science and the progress of equality are inseparable. When we silence any voice – through prejudice, exclusion, or power – we lose not only potential innovation, but truth itself.

Imagine what Foote might have achieved if she had been given the same opportunities as her male counterparts. Imagine what our world could become if everyone had the freedom to question, to test, to discover. Foote’s life reminds us that democracy is not just a political ideal, it is the foundation upon which knowledge and justice grow.

Eunice Newton Foote: scientist, reformer, pioneer. Her life shows that when people are free to question, discover, and share their ideas, both science and society can move forward…together.

CITATIONS

Hidden Voices, and the Museum of the City of New York. “Eunice Foote: The Nearly-Forgotten ‘Mother of Climate Science.’” NYC Public Schools, April 22, 2025. https://www.schools.nyc.gov/learning/subjects/social-studies/hidden-voices/contentdetails/hidden-voices/2025/04/22/eunice-foote-the-nearly-forgotten-mother-of-climate-science


Huddleston, Amara. “Happy 200th Birthday to Eunice Foote, Hidden Climate Science Pioneer.” NOAA Climate.gov, July 17, 2019. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/features/happy-200th-birthday-eunice-foote-hidden-climate-science-pioneer.


Kurland, Zoe, Katie Hafner, Elah Feder, and The Lost Women of Science Initiative. “The Woman Who Demonstrated the Greenhouse Effect.” Scientific American, November 9, 2023. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-woman-who-demonstrated-the-greenhouse-effect/


McNeill, Leila. “This Suffrage-Supporting Scientist Defined the Greenhouse Effect But Didn’t Get the Credit, Because Sexism.” Smithsonian Magazine, December 5, 2016. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/lady-scientist-helped-revolutionize-climate-science-didnt-get-credit-180961291/


Perkowitz, Sidney. “How Two Outsider Scientists Saw Inside Climate Change.” Science History Institute, September 22, 2021. https://www.sciencehistory.org/stories/magazine/how-two-outsider-scientists-saw-inside-climate-change/#:~:text=Because%20women%20scientists%20were%20rare,Henry%2C%20a%20leading%20American%20scientist


Schwartz, John. “Overlooked No More: Eunice Foote, Climate Scientist Lost to History.” The New York Times, April 21, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/21/obituaries/eunice-foote-overlooked.html


Shapiro, Maura. “Eunice Newton Foote’s Nearly Forgotten Discovery.” Physics Today, August 23, 2021. https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/Online/30361/Eunice-Newton-Foote-s-nearly-forgotten-discovery


Questacon: The National Science and Technology Centre of Australia. “Eunice Newton Foote - Research Experiment - Women in STEM.” YouTube, February 10, 2021. https://youtu.be/SnYMUMoo3E0?si=J9U7M_p293k8sKT7


Transcripción en Español

¿Quién fue el primero en reconocer que la actividad humana podía causar el calentamiento global? Muchos dirían que Joseph Fourier, quien fue el primero en teorizar, mediante cálculos matemáticos, que la atmósfera terrestre aísla el planeta. Otros dirían que John Tyndall, el físico del siglo XIX cuyo nombre se convirtió en sinónimo de la ciencia del calor y los gases. Pero hubo otra científica, una mujer cuyo nombre casi se perdió en la historia: Eunice Newton Foote, la primera en demostrar experimentalmente que ciertos gases atrapan el calor del Sol.

Eunice Newton Foote fue científica, inventora y una de las primeras defensoras de los derechos de la mujer. En 1856, en una época en la que las mujeres estaban excluidas de la mayoría de las instituciones científicas, Foote llevó a cabo un experimento revolucionario en el laboratorio de su casa. Su objetivo era simple pero profundo: comprender cómo reaccionan los diferentes gases a la luz solar.

Utilizando cilindros de vidrio, termómetros y una bomba de aire, Foote probó cómo reaccionan gases como el dióxido de carbono y el aire común bajo la luz solar. Sus hallazgos cambiarían para siempre nuestra comprensión del planeta. Observó que el dióxido de carbono atrapaba la mayor cantidad de calor, mucho más que el aire común. Concluyó que si la atmósfera terrestre contenía más dióxido de carbono, la temperatura del planeta aumentaría. En otras palabras, Eunice Newton Foote reconoció que la actividad humana podría contribuir al calentamiento global, casi tres años antes de que John Tyndall publicará sus famosos resultados.

Pero Foote nunca presentó sus hallazgos personalmente. En 1856, a las mujeres no se les permitía hablar ante la Asociación Estadounidense para el Avance de la Ciencia (AAAS). En su lugar, un hombre, el físico Joseph Henry, leyó su artículo en voz alta.

El trabajo de Foote se publicó en el American Journal of Science and Arts y se mencionó brevemente en Scientific American, pero desapareció de los registros oficiales de la AAAS. ¿Las razones más probables? Era mujer y no intentaba explicar cómo el dióxido de carbono atrapa el calor.

Aunque Eunice Newton Foote no solo fue científica, sino también reformadora. Como firmante de la Declaración de Sentimientos en la Convención de Seneca Falls, se unió a Elizabeth Cady Stanton y Lucretia Mott en la exigencia de igualdad para las mujeres. Su trabajo científico y su activismo se fundamentaban en el mismo principio: el derecho a hablar, a ser escuchada y a contribuir al progreso de la sociedad.

A través de la ciencia y la defensa de los derechos humanos, Foote ejerció lo que solo puede describirse como las herramientas de la democracia: la libertad de expresión, la libertad de prensa y la libertad de reunión. Recurrió a la escritura cuando no podía hablar, a la publicación cuando no podía presentar sus ideas y a la participación cuando la sociedad le exigía silencio.

Durante más de un siglo, su descubrimiento permaneció sin reconocimiento. Solo recientemente la historia ha comenzado a corregir su error, reconociendo a Foote como la primera en relacionar el dióxido de carbono con el calentamiento atmosférico. Hoy, su intuición constituye la base de la ciencia climática moderna.

Su redescubrimiento no se trata solo de equidad en la ciencia: es un recordatorio de que la democracia misma depende de qué voces son registradas, recordadas y difundidas. La historia de Eunice Newton Foote nos enseña que el progreso de la ciencia y el progreso de la igualdad son inseparables. Cuando silenciamos cualquier voz – ya sea por prejuicios, exclusión o abuso de poder – perdemos no solo el potencial de la innovación, sino la verdad misma.

Imaginen lo que Foote podría haber logrado si hubiera tenido las mismas oportunidades que sus colegas masculinos. Imaginen en qué se podría convertir nuestro mundo si todos tuvieran la libertad de cuestionar, experimentar y descubrir. La vida de Foote nos recuerda que la democracia no es solo un ideal político, sino el fundamento sobre el que se construyen el conocimiento y la justicia.

Eunice Newton Foote: científica, reformadora, pionera. Su vida demuestra que cuando las personas son libres de cuestionar, descubrir y compartir sus ideas, tanto la ciencia como la sociedad pueden avanzar…juntas. 


中文轉錄

尤妮斯·牛顿·富特与人为气候变化

是谁最早意识到人类活动可能导致全球变暖?许多人会说是约瑟夫·傅立叶——第一个通过数学计算提出地球大气会像“保温层”一样作用的科学家。也有人会说是19世纪的物理学家约翰·廷德尔,他的名字几乎成了热与气体研究的代名词。但还有另一位科学家——一位名字几乎被历史遗忘的女性。她就是尤妮斯·牛顿·富特(Eunice Newton Foote),第一位通过实验证明某些气体能够吸收太阳热量的人。


尤妮斯·牛顿·富特是一位科学家、发明家,也是早期的女性权利倡导者。1856年,在女性几乎被排除在科学机构之外的时代,她在自家实验室进行了开创性的实验。她的目标虽然简单,却意义重大:了解不同气体在阳光下如何表现。


她使用玻璃圆筒、温度计和气泵,测试了二氧化碳和普通空气在阳光照射下的反应。她的发现,永远改变了我们理解地球的方式。


她观察到,二氧化碳吸收的热量远远多于普通空气。她由此推断,如果地球大气中含有更多的二氧化碳,地球温度就会上升。换句话说,尤妮斯·富特早在廷德尔发表著名研究的前三年,就认识到人类活动可能导致地球变暖。


然而,富特从未亲自展示她的研究。1856年,女性不被允许在美国科学促进会(AAAS)会议上发言。最终,是物理学家约瑟夫·亨利代替她在会上朗读了论文。


富特的文章发表在《美国科学与艺术杂志》上,并在《科学美国人》上被简短提及,但却从AAAS的正式记录中消失。原因很可能是:她是女性,而且她没有尝试解释二氧化碳如何吸收热量的机制。


然而,富特不仅是一位科学家,她还是一位改革者。作为塞尼卡瀑布大会《女性权利宣言》的签署者之一,她与伊丽莎白·卡迪·斯坦顿、卢克丽霞·莫特并肩,要求女性平等。她的科学研究与她的社会运动都源于同一个原则:拥有发声、被听见、并参与社会进步的权利。


无论是在科学还是在倡议中,富特都在实践民主的工具:言论自由、出版自由和集会自由。不能发言时,她用写作;不能展示时,她用发表;被要求沉默时,她选择参与。


在一个多世纪里,她的发现无人问津。直到近年,历史才开始纠正自己,承认富特是第一个指出二氧化碳与大气变暖之间联系的人。如今,她的见解成为现代气候科学的基石。


她的“再发现”不仅是科学史的补正,更提醒我们:民主依赖于哪些声音被记录、被记住、被放大。


尤妮斯·富特的故事告诉我们:科学的进步与平等的进步从来不可分割。当一个声音因为偏见、排斥或权力而被压制,我们失去的不仅是创新的可能,更是真相本身。


想象一下,如果富特当年拥有与男性同行同等的机会,她还会取得怎样的成就?想象一下,如果每个人都有自由去质疑、去实验、去发现,我们的世界会变成什么样子?富特的一生提醒我们:民主不仅是政治理念,它更是知识与正义得以生长的土壤。


尤妮斯·牛顿·富特:科学家、改革者、先驱。


她的一生展示了:当人们拥有提出问题、发现真理、分享思想的自由时,科学与社会才能真正共同前进。

Comments

Popular posts from this blog

Roots of Democracy: The Haudenosaunee and the Wendat

Roots of Democracy by Aditi Singh Democracy is often viewed as a Western, European concept, tracing back to ancient Athens. But if we look deeper, we find that the roots of democratic governance reach far beyond Europe, into the forests and river valleys of North America where indigenous democratic systems were thriving. Among the most notable were the Haudenosaunee, also known as the Iroquois Confederacy, and the Huron-Wendat people. The Haudenosaunee Confederacy was a powerful alliance of five nations—Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca—later joined by the Tuscarora. 1 Before European contact, they occupied territory across what is now New York State and Ontario. Their political union is widely recognized as one of the oldest participatory governance systems in the world. Meanwhile, the Huron-Wendat lived further north in southern Ontario. 2 Closely related to the Iroquois in language and culture, they also followed a matrilineal, clan-based system, but it is important t...

Birth of the Chipko Movment

The Birth of the Chipko Movement by Valeria Yraita-Zevallos The abundance of resources in one’s land does not always equate to having abundant  access  to said resources. The villagers and natives of the Himalayan regions in India felt what restricted access and privatization of their resources is like. Despite villagers depending on forests for “food, fuel, water purification, soil stabilization” [1] , and lumber in general, the government of India took ownership of this land and limited its accessibility to the villagers. Thus, although the end of the Sino-Indian conflict in 1963 brought growth in development across the Himalayas, the predominant beneficiaries became government entities and private companies [2] . Leaving villagers of these regions isolated from their own resources and shut off from conversations on how to protect the forests. However, as the government continued to overstep its control over these regions by advancing government-backed logging, the local vil...

The Cost of Burn Pits, Part Two: Healthcare for Veterans

  On the battlefield, soldiers are trained to identify any outward threats, whether that be enemy combatants or incoming  fire – they should be able to recognize them with no problem. But, what happens when the biggest threat to their health and safety comes from right under their noses? The thick, toxic smoke that came from the massive  burn pits  used in the wars in the Middle East exposed thousands of veterans to life-threatening illnesses and chronic health issues that still affect them today 1 . After years of being silenced and this struggle going almost unnoticed, the true cost of  burn pits  is finally gaining attention throughout the world. With advocacy groups and affected veterans fighting for recognition, proper medical care, and overall accountability, people are finally understanding the dangers posed through this practice of using  burn pits  on foreign and wartorn ground 2 . The impact of war doesn’t simply vanish when a soldier le...