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The Cost of Burn Pits, Part One


The Cost of Burn Pits,  Part One

by Marisa De La Villa

When Beau Biden, the son of Former President Joe Biden, returned from his deployment in Iraq, he brought with him more than just memories of war. Years after his return, he was diagnosed with brain cancer– something his family believes was linked to toxic exposure from burn pits1. His story is just one of thousands. Veterans who served in Iraq and Afghanistan continue to battle health complications long after they’ve left the battlefield. Their stories are crucial to understanding the irreversible damage caused to both human beings and the natural world, and are key to spreading awareness on the dangers of burn pits2.

During the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the U.S. military used massive open-air burn pits to dispose of waste, including plastics, electronics, chemicals, medical supplies, and even amputated limbs. This combination of substances created a thick, black smoke that poured into the air, filling the natural world with a toxic mix of heavy metals, carcinogens, and hazardous compounds, all of which directly impacted the soldiers stationed near these pits3. As they breathed in these fumes, the soldiers unknowingly exposed themselves to long-term and even deadly health risks4.

Iraq and Afghanistan were both central figures to the global conflicts of the early 2000s. Following the September 2001 attacks, the United States sent in forces to invade Afghanistan. The goal was simple: dismantle al-Qaeda and overthrow the Taliban government that had protected its leaders5. However, this “quick and easy” mission became much more than that– it had evolved into what would soon become the longest war in U.S. history, lasting twenty years, from 2001 to 2021. This destabilizing conflict brought with it years of violence, political turmoil, and humanitarian crises that still run rampant today6.

In March 2003, U.S. forces invaded Iraq with the goal to end the rule of Saddam Hussein and destroy Iraqi weapons of mass destruction– a claim that was never substantiated since the weapons were never found7. The U.S. invasion triggered widespread instability, unleashing violence, insurgencies, and drawn-out occupation that completely shattered the nation leaving it defenseless. The war not only devastated Iraq’s infrastructure, but it had a major toll on the environment, turning cities and landscapes into zones of pollution, destruction, and war8.

Throughout these military operations, the use of burn pits became an unknown danger, directly impacting U.S. military personnel, while also contributing to environmental degradation in countries already devastated by war. Toxic exposure didn’t just affect those in the front lines, though. It left behind a legacy of illness and contamination that directly impacted soldiers, civilians, and ecosystems alike. The aftermath of these wars reveals the true impact of them– these consequences extend far beyond the battlefield9. They impact both human beings and the natural world.

But– why do burn pits pose such a threat? These large, open-air sites were used by the U.S. military outside of the United States as a way to dispose of distinct materials that don’t mix well. Unlike commercial incinerators, which are controlled and moderated to burn waste at high temperatures to reduce any harmful emissions, burn pits were totally unregulated, releasing toxic smoke directly into the air, where anyone and anything could be exposed to hazardous material10.

Exposure to this smoke could bring about both short-term and long-term health risks, especially to those stationed near these pits for extended periods, or even those with preexisting conditions. There were immediate effects, like eye irritation and discomfort while breathing, but these were merely temporary. On the other hand, there has been increasing concern over the more severe consequences of this exposure– for example, respiratory diseases, neurological conditions, and rare cancers, which developed at alarming rates11. Yet, for years, their suffering was almost silenced, completely dismissed. Their conditions remained unrecognized by the government despite widespread reports of illness among these veterans. Research on the full impact of burn pits is unfortunately quite limited, but there have been a few cases of successful studies. For example, a 2022 study, conducted by Timothy Olsen, Dennis Caruana, and a few other researchers, examined 21 U.S. veterans exposed to burn pits, finding that they all had signs of lung damage. Some of these people exhibited significant declines in respiratory function despite the fact they didn’t smoke12. These are just 21 veterans– there are still so many people who were exposed to these pits (both U.S. veterans and civilians) who have no idea what the extent of this exposure has done to them.

The environmental toll in both Iraq and Afghanistan was just as severe. Contaminated soil, poisoned water supplies, and widespread air pollution all contributed to the almost irreversible and lasting damage that has plagued local communities. The water supply in war zones was directly contaminated by oil from military vehicles and depleted uranium from ammunition, something that only continued to endanger both the human and animal populations of the area. The continued destruction of forests and natural resources not only devastated ecosystems, but it created a long-term damage to biodiversity in these regions, something that will persist for generations13.

 

Notes:

  1. “The Facts about Beau Biden’s Cancer,” Mount Sinai Health System, accessed March 21, 2025, https://www.mountsinai.org/about/newsroom/2015/the-facts-about-beau-bidens-cancer.
  2. “Exposure to Burn Pits and Other Specific Environmental Hazards,” Veterans Affairs, accessed March 21, 2025, https://www.va.gov/disability/eligibility/hazardous-materials-exposure/specific-environmental-hazards/.
  3. Leo Shane III, “What Are Burn Pits? Why Are Military Veterans Worried about Them?,” Military Times, August 19, 2022, https://www.militarytimes.com/news/burn-pits/2022/03/29/what-are-military-burn-pits-and-why-are-veterans-worried-about-them/#:~:text=Until%20the%20mid%2D2010s%2C%20burn,chemical%20mixtures%20and%20medical%20waste. See also: "The 'Burn Pits' of Iraq and Afghanistan" National Public Radio. January 31st, 2010. [Excerpt: "Their medical incinerators would go out, and they would put amputated body parts from Iraqis or other civilians, not from the troops, in the burn pits."] https://www.npr.org/2010/01/31/123187642/the-burn-pits-of-iraq-and-afghanistan 
  4. Shane, "What Are Burn Pits? . . ." 
  5. “Timeline: U.S. War in Afghanistan,” Council on Foreign Relations, accessed March 21, 2025, https://www.cfr.org/timeline/us-war-afghanistan.
  6. Afghanistan War: How did 9/11 lead to a 20-Year War? | IWM, accessed March 20, 2025, https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/afghanistan-war-how-did-911-lead-to-a-20-year-war.
  7. “The Iraq War,” Council on Foreign Relations, accessed March 21, 2025, https://www.cfr.org/timeline/iraq-war.
  8. Ibid
  9. Veterans Health Administration US Department of Veterans Affairs, “Va.Gov: Veterans Affairs,” Protect your health, December 13, 2013, https://www.publichealth.va.gov/exposures/burnpits/registry.asp.
  10. 10 things to know about burn pits - VA public health, accessed March 20, 2025, https://www.publichealth.va.gov/docs/exposures/ten-things-to-know-fact-sheet.pdf.
  11. Ibid
  12. Timothy Olsen et al., “Iraq/Afghanistan War Lung Injury Reflects Burn Pits Exposure,” Nature News, August 29, 2022, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-18252-2.
  13. “Environmental Costs,” The Costs of War, accessed March 21, 2025, https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/costs/environmental#:~:text=The%20water%20supply%20in%20the,have%20also%20been%20adversely%20affected.



Works Cited

 

Afghanistan War: How did 9/11 lead to a 20-Year War? | IWM. Accessed March 20, 2025. https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/afghanistan-war-how-did-911-lead-to-a-20-year-war. 

“Environmental Costs.” The Costs of War. Accessed March 21, 2025. https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/costs/environmental#:~:text=The%20water%20supply%20in%20the,have%20also%20been%20adversely%20affected

“Exposure to Burn Pits and Other Specific Environmental Hazards.” Veterans Affairs. Accessed March 21, 2025. https://www.va.gov/disability/eligibility/hazardous-materials-exposure/specific-environmental-hazards/

National Public Radio. "The 'Burn Pits' of Iraq and Afghanistan" All Things Considered. January 31st, 2010. https://www.npr.org/2010/01/31/123187642/the-burn-pits-of-iraq-and-afghanistan 

Shane III, Leo. “What Are Burn Pits? Why Are Military Veterans Worried about Them?” Military Times, August 19, 2020. https://www.militarytimes.com/news/burn-pits/2022/03/29/what-are-military-burn-pits-and-why-are-veterans-worried-about-them/#:~:text=Until%20the%20mid%2D2010s%2C%20burn,chemical%20mixtures%20and%20medical%20waste

“The Facts about Beau Biden’s Cancer.” Mount Sinai Health System. Accessed March 21, 2025. https://www.mountsinai.org/about/newsroom/2015/the-facts-about-beau-bidens-cancer

“The Iraq War.” Council on Foreign Relations. Accessed March 21, 2025. https://www.cfr.org/timeline/iraq-war

“Timeline: U.S. War in Afghanistan.” Council on Foreign Relations. Accessed March 21, 2025. https://www.cfr.org/timeline/us-war-afghanistan

Olsen, Timothy, Dennis Caruana, Keely Cheslack-Postava, Austin Szema, Juergen Thieme, Andrew Kiss, Malvika Singh, et al. “Iraq/Afghanistan War Lung Injury Reflects Burn Pits Exposure.” Nature News, August 29, 2022. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-18252-2

US Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration. “Va.Gov: Veterans Affairs.” Protect your health, December 13, 2013. https://www.publichealth.va.gov/exposures/burnpits/registry.asp

10 things to know about burn pits - VA public health. Accessed March 20, 2025. https://www.publichealth.va.gov/docs/exposures/ten-things-to-know-fact-sheet.pdf


transcripción en español

Cuando Beau Biden, el hijo del expresidente Joe Biden, regresó de su despliegue en Iraq, trajo consigo algo más que recuerdos de guerra. Años después de su regreso, le diagnosticaron cáncer cerebral, algo que su familia cree que estuvo relacionado con la exposición tóxica a los burn pitso las hogueras que fueron utilizadas en esta época. Su historia es solo una de miles. Los veteranos que sirvieron en Iraq y Afganistán siguen enfrentando complicaciones de salud mucho después de haber dejado el campo de batalla. Sus relatos son sumamente importantes para poder comprender el daño irreversible causado tanto a los seres humanos como al mundo natural, y son clave para crear conciencia sobre los peligros de estas hogueras.

Durante las guerras en Iraq y Afganistán, el ejército de los Estados Unidos utilizó enormes hogueras al aire libre para deshacerse de muchas cosas, por ejemplo plásticos, aparatos electrónicos, productos químicos, suministros médicos e incluso extremidades amputadas. Esta combinación de sustancias generó un humo negro que se dispersaba en el aire, llenando el entorno natural con una mezcla tóxica de metales pesados, carcinógenos y compuestos peligrosos, los cuales afectaban directamente a los soldados estacionados cerca de estas hogueras. Al inhalar estos gases, los soldados se exponían, sin saberlo, a riesgos de salud a largo plazo e incluso mortales.

Iraq y Afganistán fueron figuras centrales en los conflictos globales a principios de los 2000. Tras los ataques de septiembre del 2001, Estados Unidos envió fuerzas para invadir Afganistán. El objetivo era simple: desmantelar a Al-Qaeda y derrocar al gobierno talibán que había protegido a sus líderes. Sin embargo, esta misión “rápida y sencilla” se transformó en mucho más que eso: se convirtió en lo que pronto sería la guerra más larga en la historia de Estados Unidos, la cual duró veinte años, desde 2001 hasta 2021. Este conflicto desestabilizador trajo consigo años de violencia, agitación política y crisis humanitarias que aún al día de hoy siguen.

En marzo de 2003, las fuerzas estadounidenses invadieron Iraq con el objetivo de poner fin al régimen de Saddam Hussein y destruir las armas de destrucción masiva iraquíes, algo que nunca se pudo comprobar, ya que nunca se encontraron dichas armas. La invasión estadounidense desencadenó una gran inestabilidad, desatando violencia, insurgencias y una ocupación prolongada que dejó a la nación completamente devastada e indefensa. La guerra no solo destruyó la infraestructura de Iraq, sino que también tuvo un fuerte impacto ambiental, convirtiendo ciudades y paisajes en zonas de contaminación, destrucción y guerra.

A lo largo de estas operaciones militares, el uso de estas hogueras se convirtió en un peligro desconocido, que afectó directamente al personal militar estadounidense y también contribuyó a la degradación ambiental en países ya devastados por el conflicto. La exposición tóxica no solo afectó a quienes estaban en la línea del frente. Esta misma dejó un legado de enfermedades y contaminación que afectó directamente tanto a soldados como a civiles y ecosistemas por igual. Las secuelas de estas guerras revelan su verdadero impacto: las consecuencias se extienden mucho más allá del campo de batalla. Afectan tanto a los seres humanos como al mundo natural.

Pero ¿por qué representan tanto peligro estas hogueras? Estos sitios enormes y al aire libre fueron utilizados por el ejército estadounidense fuera del país como una forma de desechar materiales diversos que no deberían combinarse. A diferencia de los incineradores comerciales, que están controlados y regulados para quemar residuos a altas temperaturas y reducir las emisiones dañinas, las hogueras estaban completamente fuera de regulación, soltando humo tóxico directamente al aire, donde cualquier persona o ser vivo podía quedar expuesto a materiales peligrosos.

La exposición a este humo puede causar riesgos de salud a corto y largo plazo, especialmente en aquellos que estuvieron estacionados cerca de estas hogueras durante períodos prolongados, o en personas con condiciones preexistentes. Se observaron efectos inmediatos, como irritación ocular e incomodidad al respirar, pero estos solo eran temporales. Por otro lado, hay una preocupación sobre las consecuencias más graves de esta exposición—por ejemplo, enfermedades respiratorias, condiciones neurológicas y tipos raros de cáncer que se manifestaron de forma abrupta. Sin embargo, durante años, su sufrimiento fue prácticamente silenciado y completamente ignorado. Sus condiciones no fueron reconocidas por el gobierno a pesar de los numerosos reportes de enfermedades entre estos veteranos. La investigación sobre el impacto total de las hogueras suele ser limitada, pero se han realizado algunos estudios exitosos. Por ejemplo, un estudio del 2022, llevado a cabo por Timothy Olsen, Dennis Caruana y otros investigadores, examinó a 21 veteranos estadounidenses expuestos a las hogueras y encontró que todos mostraban señales de daño pulmonar. Algunas de estas personas mostraban deterioros en la función respiratoria a pesar de no fumar. Estos son solo 21 veteranos—todavía hay muchísimas personas (tanto veteranos como civiles) que fueron expuestos a estas hogueras y que no tienen idea del daño que esto les ha causado.

El impacto ambiental en Iraq y Afganistán fue igual de severo. La contaminación de los suelos, suministros de agua envenenados, y contaminación del aire contribuyeron a un daño casi irreversible y duradero que ha afectado a las comunidades locales. El suministro de agua en zonas de guerra fue directamente contaminado por el aceite de los vehículos militares y el uranio empobrecido de la munición, algo que sigue representando una amenaza tanto para la población humana como para la naturaleza local. La destrucción de bosques y recursos naturales no sólo ha devastado a los ecosistemas, sino que también ha provocado daños a largo plazo en la biodiversidad de estas regiones, algo que, desafortunadamente, seguirá por generaciones.


中文轉錄


The Cost of Burn Pits,  Part One (焚烧坑的成本(第一部分)

前总统乔·拜登的儿子博·拜登从伊拉克返回时,带回的不仅仅是战争的记忆。多年后,他被诊断出患有脑癌——他的家人认为这与焚烧坑的毒性接触有关。他的故事只是成千上万个故事中的一个。在伊拉克和阿富汗服役的退伍军人在离开战场很久之后仍在与健康问题作斗争。他们的故事对于理解焚烧坑对人类和自然界造成的不可逆转的损害至关重要,也是传播焚烧坑危害意识的关键。


在伊拉克和阿富汗战争期间,美军使用大型露天焚烧坑来处理废物,包括塑料、电子产品、化学品、医疗用品,甚至截肢。这些物质的混合产生了浓厚的黑烟,排入空气中,使自然界充满了重金属、致癌物和有害化合物的有毒混合物,所有这些都直接影响了驻扎在这些焚烧坑附近的士兵。当士兵们吸入这些烟雾时,他们不知不觉地将自己暴露在长期甚至致命的健康风险中。


伊拉克和阿富汗都是21世纪初全球冲突的核心。2001年9月袭击事件后,美国派遣军队入侵阿富汗。其目标很简单:瓦解基地组织,推翻包庇其领导人的塔利班政府。然而,这项“轻而易举”的任务远不止于此——它很快演变成美国历史上持续时间最长的战争,从2001年持续到2021年,长达二十年。这场动荡的冲突带来了多年的暴力冲突、政治动荡和人道主义危机,至今仍在肆虐。


2003年3月,美军入侵伊拉克,旨在推翻萨达姆·侯赛因的统治并摧毁伊拉克的大规模杀伤性武器——但由于这些武器从未被找到,这一说法从未得到证实。美国的入侵引发了广泛的动荡,引发了暴力冲突、叛乱和旷日持久的占领,彻底摧毁了这个国家,使其丧失了防御能力。战争不仅摧毁了伊拉克的基础设施,还对环境造成了巨大的破坏,使城市和自然景观沦为污染、破坏和战乱的温床。


在这些军事行动中,焚烧坑的使用成为一种未知的危险,直接影响着美国军事人员,同时也加剧了饱受战争摧残的国家的环境恶化。然而,有毒物质的暴露不仅影响着前线的士兵,还留下了疾病和污染,直接影响着士兵、平民和生态系统。这些战争的后果揭示了它们的真正影响——这些后果远远超出了战场本身,影响着人类和自然世界。


但是——为什么焚烧坑会构成如此大的威胁?这些大型露天场所曾被美国军方在美国境外用来处理一些难以混合的特殊物质。与商用焚烧炉不同,商用焚烧炉会控制并调节温度,以高温焚烧垃圾,从而减少有害排放。而焚烧坑则完全不受监管,会将有毒烟雾直接排放到空气中,任何人、任何物品都可能接触到这些有害物质。


接触这种烟雾可能会带来短期和长期的健康风险,尤其是对长期驻扎在这些焚烧坑附近的人员,甚至是已有疾病的人。接触烟雾可能会产生一些直接影响,例如眼睛刺激和呼吸不适,但这些只是暂时的。另一方面,人们越来越担心这种暴露带来的更严重后果——例如呼吸系统疾病、神经系统疾病以及罕见癌症,这些疾病的发病率惊人。然而,多年来,他们的痛苦几乎被压制,被完全忽视。尽管这些退伍军人患病的报道屡见不鲜,但政府却始终不承认他们的病情。遗憾的是,关于焚烧坑全面影响的研究相当有限,但也有一些成功的案例。例如,2022年,蒂莫西·奥尔森、丹尼斯·卡鲁阿纳和其他几位研究人员开展了一项研究,调查了21名接触过焚烧坑的美国退伍军人,发现他们都有肺部损伤的迹象。其中一些人尽管不吸烟,但呼吸功能却显著下降。这仅仅是21名退伍军人——仍然有许多人(包括美国退伍军人和平民)接触过这些焚烧坑,却不知道这种接触对他们造成了多大的影响。


伊拉克和阿富汗的环境损失同样严重。受污染的土壤、有毒的水源以及大面积的空气污染都造成了几乎不可逆转的持久损害,困扰着当地社区。战区的供水系统直接受到军用车辆的油污和弹药中的贫铀污染,这只会持续危及该地区的人类和动物种群。森林和自然资源的持续破坏不仅摧毁了生态系统,还对这些地区的生物多样性造成了长期损害,这种损害将持续数代。

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