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Maxima Acuña: a Peruvian Farmer Fights for Environmental Justice


 


Maxima Acuña:  a Peruvian Farmer Fights for Environmental Justice

by Valeria Yraita-Zevallos

Picture yourself living peacefully in a rural region, living off your crops and without disturbing the surrounding environment. Then suddenly you are awakened by the knocking and violence of police officers and mining employees to vacate your home. Scary right? Well, this isn’t a hypothetical, it is the true story of Maxima Acuña de Chaupe, the woman who never sought to become an activist, but had no choice but to become one.

            

Maxima Acuña is a Cajamerquina, a woman from Cajamarca, Peru. In 1994, she purchased a plot of land with her husband in the northern highlands, known as Tragadero Grande[1]. Acuña lived off her land independently with her husband and children, growing potatoes and raising cattle for milk and cheese. Unfortunately, her life took a turn in 2011 when the mining companies Newmont (U.S. Colorado-based) and Buenaventura (Peruvian-based) sought to extend their Yanacocha Mine into land within Acuña’s home[2]. The new project, Conga Mine (an open pit mine), aimed at “draining four nearby lakes…to be turned into a waste storage pit”, destroying the local ecosystems and further polluting surrounding drinkable water sources[3]. Due to Acuña’s land being in the way of the plans of these mining companies, in 2011 representatives from the mine and police officers demanded Acuña leave her home. Acuña refused to leave, showing them her legal paperwork displaying her full ownership of the land. Nevertheless, mii representatives and police officers used violence to remove her from her home; physically hurting her and her family; leaving Acuña and one of her daughters unconscious from being brutally beaten[4].

The mining company pressed squatter charges against Acuña, which the provincial court found her guilty of. She was sentenced to 3yrs in prison and fined 5,500 soles (equivalent to $2,200 USD). With limited resources, Acuña reached out to GRUFIDES for legal representation, a Cajamarca NGO that helps represent Cajamerquinos in similar cases. Acuña’s attorney, Mirtha Vazques, appealed the verdict to the Supreme Court of Peru. In between trial dates for the appeal, policemen continued to break into her home, her crops were destroyed, and she received death threats and assassination attempts by Yonachoca mine employers[5]. The abuse was becoming so severe that on May 5th, 2014 the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights “established some cautionary measures for 46 human rights defenders belonging to the farmer community of Cajamarca” under their commission's Article 25[6]

            Nonetheless, after Acuña’s long endurance of this violence; in December of 2014, the courts overturned the original verdict by the provincial courts, and her prison sentence was overturned and eviction suspended. This was a great win for not only Acuña but her community, as this helped stop the building of the Conga Mine. Acuña’s fight inspired resistance across Cajamarca and Peru, leading Acuña to become the spokesperson during civic engagements and protests against open pit mining. Acuña is one of many growing voices in Peru that are protesting the expansion of mines as they are hurting the health of citizens and the health of the environment. Due to her successful fight and continued advocacy, Acuña was awarded the 2016 Goldman Prize, the most important award for environmental activists. May her endless grit and dedication be an inspiration to activists throughout the world[7].

 


 

Bibliography

Amnistía Internacional. 2017. “El caso de Máxima Acuña: David contra Goliat.” Amnistía Internacional España. https://www.es.amnesty.org/en-que-estamos/blog/historia/articulo/el-caso-de-maxima-acuna-david-contra-goliat/.

BBC. 2016. “Máxima Acuña, la campesina peruana "heredera" de la activista asesinada Berta Cáceres.” BBC News Mundo. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2016/04/160418_peru_campesina_maxima_acuna_gana_premio_goldman_heredera_berta_caceres_lv.

Chungo y Batann. n.d. “Yanacocha busca anular juicio que Máxima Acuña ganó en el 2014 [Photo Only].” muqui. https://muqui.org/yanacocha-busca-anular-juicio-que-maxima-acuna-gano-en-el-2014/.

EarthRights Interntational. n.d. “Maxima Acuña-Atalaya v. Newmont Mining Corp.” EarthRights Interntational. https://earthrights.org/case/maxima-acuna-atalaya-v-newmont-mining-corp/.

Etiqueta Negra. 2015. “Perú: La verdad sobre Máxima Acuña de Chaupe.” Bio Diversidadla. https://www.biodiversidadla.org/Noticias/Peru_La_verdad_sobre_Maxima_Acuna_de_Chaupe.

Front Line Defenders. n.d. “Historia del caso: Máxima Acuña de Chaupe.” Front Line Defenders. https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/es/case/historia-del-caso-m%C3%A1xima-acu%C3%B1a-de-chaupe.

Gariwo. n.d. “Máxima Acuña (1970) The Peruvian activist who’s struggling against the Yanacocha.” Gariwo. https://en.gariwo.net/righteous/environment-and-climate-change/maxima-acua-19563.html.

Goldman Environmental Prize. 2016. “Máxima Acuña acceptance speech, 2016 Goldman Prize ceremony.” YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=orxv3jPsOgM.

Goldman Prize. 2016. “2016 Goldman Prize Winner: Máxima Acuña.” The Goldman Environmental Prize. https://www.goldmanprize.org/recipient/maxima-acuna/.

Inclan, Isabel. 2019. “Máxima Acuña la indígena peruana que desafía a una multinacional.” AMECO Press. https://amecopress.net/Maxima-Acuna-la-indigena-peruana-que-desafia-a-una-multinacional.

International Land Coalition. n.d. “La incansable lucha de Máxima Acuña, la defensora que resiste ante las mineras.” International Land Coalition. https://lac.landcoalition.org/es/noticias/la-incansable-lucha-de-maxima-acunia-la-defensora-que-resiste-ante-las-mineras/.

La Mula. n.d. “Máxima Acuña ganó el premio ambiental más importante del mundo [Photo Only].” Conservanos Por Naturaleza. Yanacocha busca anular juicio que Máxima Acuña ganó en el 2014.

Lopez Tarabochia, Milton. 2017. “Peruvian Supreme Court acquits Máxima Acuña in case brought by mining company Yanacocha.” Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/2017/05/peruvian-supreme-court-acquits-maxima-acuna-in-case-brought-by-mining-company-yanacocha/.

Servindi. 2016. “Máxima Acuña obtiene el Premio Goldman. Adiós Yanacocha” [Photo Only]. Bio Diversidadla. https://www.biodiversidadla.org/Noticias/Maxima_Acuna_obtiene_el_Premio_Goldman._Adios_Yanacocha.

 



[1]Goldman Prize. 2016. “2016 Goldman Prize Winner: Máxima Acuña.” The Goldman Environmental Prize. https://www.goldmanprize.org/recipient/maxima-acuna/.

[2] Ibid.

[3] Ibid.

[4] Ibid.

[5]Front Line Defenders. n.d. “Historia del caso: Máxima Acuña de Chaupe.” Front Line Defenders. https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/es/case/historia-del-caso-m%C3%A1xima-acu%C3%B1a-de-chaupe.

[6]Gariwo. n.d. “Máxima Acuña (1970) The Peruvian activist who’s struggling against the Yanacocha.” Gariwo. https://en.gariwo.net/righteous/environment-and-climate-change/maxima-acua-19563.html.

[7]Goldman Prize. 2016. “2016 Goldman Prize Winner: Máxima Acuña.” The Goldman Environmental Prize. https://www.goldmanprize.org/recipient/maxima-acuna/.


transcripción en español

 

Imagínate que eres una persona que vive tranquila, en una región rural, viviendo de tus propios cultivos y sin perturbar el medioambiente que te rodea. Pero de repente, un día de la nada te despiertan los golpes a tu puerta de la policía y de empleados de una mina y te obligan a desalojar tu casa. Que miedo, ¿verdad? Bueno, esto no es una hipótesis, es la historia verdadera de Máxima Acuña de Chaupe, la mujer que nunca buscó convertirse en una activista, pero no tuvo opción en convertirse en una.

Máxima Acuña es una mujer de Cajamarca, Perú. En 1994, Acuña compró un terreno con su esposo en la sierra norte, conocido como Tragadero Grande[1]. Acuña vivía de su tierra de forma independiente con su esposo y sus hijos, cultivando papas y criando ganado para producir leche y queso. Desafortunadamente, su vida dio un giro en 2011 cuando las compañías mineras Newmont (con sede en el estado Colorado de los EE. UU.) y Buenaventura (con sede en Perú) intentaron ampliar su mina, Yanacocha, a tierras dentro de la casa de Acuña[2].

El nuevo proyecto, Mina Conga (una mina de cielo abierto), tenía como objetivo “drenar cuatro lagos cercanos… para convertirlos en un pozo de almacenamiento de desechos”, destruyendo los ecosistemas locales y contaminando aún más las fuentes de agua potable de los alrededores[3]. Debido a que la tierra de Acuña estaba en el camino de los planes de estas compañías mineras, en el 2011 representantes de la mina y oficiales de policía exigieron que Acuña abandonara su hogar. Acuña se negó a irse, mostrándoles sus documentos legales que demostraban su escritura de garantía de su propiedad. Sin embargo, representantes de la mina y oficiales de policía utilizaron la violencia para sacarla de su hogar; lastimando físicamente a ella y a su familia. Dejaron a Acuña y a una de sus hijas inconscientes después de haber sido brutalmente golpeadas[4].

La empresa minera presentó cargos de “ocupación ilegal” contra Acuña, por los que el tribunal provincial la declaró culpable. Fue condenada a 3 años de prisión y multada con $5,500 soles (equivalentes a 2.200 dólares estadounidenses). Con recursos limitados, Acuña recurrió a GRUFIDES para obtener representación legal, una ONG de Cajamarca que ayuda a representar a los cajamerquinos en casos similares. La abogada de Acuña, Mirtha Vazques, apeló el veredicto ante la Corte Suprema de Perú. Pero apezar que Acuña empezo el proceso de apelación, la policía siguió entrando a su casa, sus cultivos fueron destruidos y recibió amenazas de muerte e intentos de asesinato por parte de los empleadores de la mina Yonachoca[5].. El abuso se estaba volviendo tan grave que el 5 de mayo de 2014 la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos “estableció algunas medidas cautelares para 46 defensores de derechos humanos pertenecientes a la comunidad campesina de Cajamarca” en virtud del artículo 25 de su comisión[6].

Sin embargo, después de años de violencia que soporto Acuña, en diciembre de 2014 los tribunales revocaron el veredicto original de los tribunales provinciales, y su sentencia de prisión fue revocada y el desalojo suspendido. Esta fue una gran victoria no solo para Acuña sino para su comunidad, ya que ayudó a detener la construcción de la mina Conga. La lucha de Acuña inspiró resistencia en Cajamarca y Perú, lo que la llevó a convertirse en portavoz durante los compromisos cívicos y las protestas contra la minería a cielo abierto. Acuña es una de las muchas voces en aumento en Perú que protestan contra la expansión de las minas, ya que están dañando la salud de los ciudadanos y la salud del medio ambiente. Debido a su exitosa lucha y su continua defensa, Acuña recibió el Premio Goldman 2016, el premio más importante para los activistas ambientales.

Que su infinita determinación y dedicación sean una inspiración para los activistas de todo el mundo[7].


 

Bibliography

Amnistía Internacional. 2017. “El caso de Máxima Acuña: David contra Goliat.” Amnistía Internacional España. https://www.es.amnesty.org/en-que-estamos/blog/historia/articulo/el-caso-de-maxima-acuna-david-contra-goliat/.

BBC. 2016. “Máxima Acuña, la campesina peruana "heredera" de la activista asesinada Berta Cáceres.” BBC News Mundo. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2016/04/160418_peru_campesina_maxima_acuna_gana_premio_goldman_heredera_berta_caceres_lv.

Chungo y Batann. n.d. “Yanacocha busca anular juicio que Máxima Acuña ganó en el 2014 [Photo Only].” muqui. https://muqui.org/yanacocha-busca-anular-juicio-que-maxima-acuna-gano-en-el-2014/.

EarthRights Interntational. n.d. “Maxima Acuña-Atalaya v. Newmont Mining Corp.” EarthRights Interntational. https://earthrights.org/case/maxima-acuna-atalaya-v-newmont-mining-corp/.

Etiqueta Negra. 2015. “Perú: La verdad sobre Máxima Acuña de Chaupe.” Bio Diversidadla. https://www.biodiversidadla.org/Noticias/Peru_La_verdad_sobre_Maxima_Acuna_de_Chaupe.

Front Line Defenders. n.d. “Historia del caso: Máxima Acuña de Chaupe.” Front Line Defenders. https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/es/case/historia-del-caso-m%C3%A1xima-acu%C3%B1a-de-chaupe.

Gariwo. n.d. “Máxima Acuña (1970) The Peruvian activist who’s struggling against the Yanacocha.” Gariwo. https://en.gariwo.net/righteous/environment-and-climate-change/maxima-acua-19563.html.

Goldman Environmental Prize. 2016. “Máxima Acuña acceptance speech, 2016 Goldman Prize ceremony.” YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=orxv3jPsOgM.

Goldman Prize. 2016. “2016 Goldman Prize Winner: Máxima Acuña.” The Goldman Environmental Prize. https://www.goldmanprize.org/recipient/maxima-acuna/.

Inclan, Isabel. 2019. “Máxima Acuña la indígena peruana que desafía a una multinacional.” AMECO Press. https://amecopress.net/Maxima-Acuna-la-indigena-peruana-que-desafia-a-una-multinacional.

International Land Coalition. n.d. “La incansable lucha de Máxima Acuña, la defensora que resiste ante las mineras.” International Land Coalition. https://lac.landcoalition.org/es/noticias/la-incansable-lucha-de-maxima-acunia-la-defensora-que-resiste-ante-las-mineras/.

La Mula. n.d. “Máxima Acuña ganó el premio ambiental más importante del mundo [Photo Only].” Conservanos Por Naturaleza. Yanacocha busca anular juicio que Máxima Acuña ganó en el 2014.

Lopez Tarabochia, Milton. 2017. “Peruvian Supreme Court acquits Máxima Acuña in case brought by mining company Yanacocha.” Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/2017/05/peruvian-supreme-court-acquits-maxima-acuna-in-case-brought-by-mining-company-yanacocha/.

Servindi. 2016. “Máxima Acuña obtiene el Premio Goldman. Adiós Yanacocha” [Photo Only]. Bio Diversidadla. https://www.biodiversidadla.org/Noticias/Maxima_Acuna_obtiene_el_Premio_Goldman._Adios_Yanacocha.

 



[1]Goldman Prize. 2016. “2016 Goldman Prize Winner: Máxima Acuña.” The Goldman Environmental Prize. https://www.goldmanprize.org/recipient/maxima-acuna/.

[2] Ibid.

[3] Ibid.

[4] Ibid.

[5]Front Line Defenders. n.d. “Historia del caso: Máxima Acuña de Chaupe.” Front Line Defenders. https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/es/case/historia-del-caso-m%C3%A1xima-acu%C3%B1a-de-chaupe.

[6]Gariwo. n.d. “Máxima Acuña (1970) The Peruvian activist who’s struggling against the Yanacocha.” Gariwo. https://en.gariwo.net/righteous/environment-and-climate-change/maxima-acua-19563.html.

[7]Goldman Prize. 2016. “2016 Goldman Prize Winner: Máxima Acuña.” The Goldman Environmental Prize. https://www.goldmanprize.org/recipient/maxima-acuna/.




中文轉錄


Maxima Acuña:  a Peruvian Farmer Fights for Environmental Justice (玛西玛·阿库尼亚:为环境正义而战的秘鲁农妇)

想象一下:你在一个宁静的乡村生活,依靠自己种的庄稼为生,不打扰周围的自然环境。然后某一天,你被突如其来的敲门声和警察、矿业公司雇员的暴力行为惊醒——他们命令你立刻搬离自己的家。是不是很可怕?但这并不是一个假设情景,而是真实发生在一位女性——玛西玛·阿库尼亚·德·乔佩(Máxima Acuña de Chaupe)——身上的故事。她并非主动选择成为一名活动家,而是被迫走上了这条路。

玛西玛·阿库尼亚来自秘鲁卡哈马卡地区(Cajamarca),是一名卡哈马尔基纳人(Cajamarquina)。1994年,她与丈夫在秘鲁北部高原购买了一块名为**特拉加德罗·格兰德(Tragadero Grande)的土地。阿库尼亚与丈夫及孩子们在这片土地上自给自足,种植马铃薯、养牛获取牛奶和奶酪。

然而,不幸的是,她的平静生活在2011年被打破。美国科罗拉多州的矿业公司纽蒙特公司(Newmont)与秘鲁本地矿业公司布埃纳文图拉公司(Buenaventura)计划扩张他们的亚纳科查矿(Yanacocha Mine),项目范围将延伸至阿库尼亚的家园。新的采矿计划——孔加矿(Conga Mine)——是一座露天矿,目标是“排干附近的四个湖泊……将其改造成废料堆放坑”,这将摧毁当地的生态系统,并进一步污染周边可饮用水源。

由于阿库尼亚的土地挡住了这些矿业公司的计划,2011年,矿业代表与警察前往她的住所,要求她立即搬离。阿库尼亚拒绝离开,并出示了证明她对土地拥有合法所有权的文件。然而,矿业代表和警察依然使用暴力强行驱逐她和她的家人——在过程中,他们被殴打受伤,阿库尼亚和她的一个女儿甚至被打得失去意识。

矿业公司以非法占地罪(squatter charges)起诉了阿库尼亚(Acuña),而省级法院(provincial court)判定她有罪。她被判处三年监禁,并被罚款5,500 索尔(5,500 soles,约合2,200美元)。在资源有限的情况下,阿库尼亚向格鲁菲德斯组织(GRUFIDES)寻求法律援助——这是一家位于秘鲁卡哈马卡(Cajamarca)的非政府组织,专门为在类似案件中受到不公待遇的卡哈马尔基纳人(Cajamarquinos)提供法律代表。阿库尼亚的律师米尔塔·巴斯克斯(Mirtha Vásquez)将案件上诉至秘鲁最高法院(Supreme Court of Peru)。

在上诉期间,警察仍多次闯入她的家中,她的农作物被毁坏,她本人也多次收到死亡威胁,甚至遭到**亚纳科查矿(Yanacocha Mine)**雇员的暗杀企图。局势变得极为严峻。2014年5月5日,美洲人权委员会(Inter-American Commission on Human Rights)根据其委员会第25条款,为46名属于卡哈马卡农民社区的人权维护者制定了“紧急保护措施(cautionary measures)”。

然而,经历了长期的暴力与压迫后,在2014年12月,法院最终推翻了省级法院的原判,撤销了阿库尼亚的监禁判决,并暂停了对她的驱逐。这不仅是阿库尼亚的胜利,更是她所在社区的一次重大胜利——因为这场胜利阻止了孔加矿(Conga Mine)的建设。

阿库尼亚的抗争激发了整个卡哈马卡乃至秘鲁范围内的反采矿运动。她逐渐成为反对露天采矿(open-pit mining)活动中的公众代表和发言人。如今,阿库尼亚成为秘鲁众多反对矿业扩张、捍卫公民健康与环境安全的声音之一。

凭借她的坚定抗争与持续倡议,阿库尼亚在2016年荣获了高德曼环境奖(Goldman Environmental Prize)——这是全球最重要的环保活动家奖项。她那份无尽的坚韧与奉献,正激励着全世界的环境捍卫者。


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