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Maxima Acuña: a Peruvian Farmer Fights for Environmental Justice


 


Maxima Acuña:  a Peruvian Farmer Fights for Environmental Justice

by Valeria Yraita-Zevallos

Picture yourself living peacefully in a rural region, living off your crops and without disturbing the surrounding environment. Then suddenly you are awakened by the knocking and violence of police officers and mining employees to vacate your home. Scary right? Well, this isn’t a hypothetical, it is the true story of Maxima Acuña de Chaupe, the woman who never sought to become an activist, but had no choice but to become one.

            

Maxima Acuña is a Cajamerquina, a woman from Cajamarca, Peru. In 1994, she purchased a plot of land with her husband in the northern highlands, known as Tragadero Grande[1]. Acuña lived off her land independently with her husband and children, growing potatoes and raising cattle for milk and cheese. Unfortunately, her life took a turn in 2011 when the mining companies Newmont (U.S. Colorado-based) and Buenaventura (Peruvian-based) sought to extend their Yanacocha Mine into land within Acuña’s home[2]. The new project, Conga Mine (an open pit mine), aimed at “draining four nearby lakes…to be turned into a waste storage pit”, destroying the local ecosystems and further polluting surrounding drinkable water sources[3]. Due to Acuña’s land being in the way of the plans of these mining companies, in 2011 representatives from the mine and police officers demanded Acuña leave her home. Acuña refused to leave, showing them her legal paperwork displaying her full ownership of the land. Nevertheless, mii representatives and police officers used violence to remove her from her home; physically hurting her and her family; leaving Acuña and one of her daughters unconscious from being brutally beaten[4].

The mining company pressed squatter charges against Acuña, which the provincial court found her guilty of. She was sentenced to 3yrs in prison and fined 5,500 soles (equivalent to $2,200 USD). With limited resources, Acuña reached out to GRUFIDES for legal representation, a Cajamarca NGO that helps represent Cajamerquinos in similar cases. Acuña’s attorney, Mirtha Vazques, appealed the verdict to the Supreme Court of Peru. In between trial dates for the appeal, policemen continued to break into her home, her crops were destroyed, and she received death threats and assassination attempts by Yonachoca mine employers[5]. The abuse was becoming so severe that on May 5th, 2014 the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights “established some cautionary measures for 46 human rights defenders belonging to the farmer community of Cajamarca” under their commission's Article 25[6]

            Nonetheless, after Acuña’s long endurance of this violence; in December of 2014, the courts overturned the original verdict by the provincial courts, and her prison sentence was overturned and eviction suspended. This was a great win for not only Acuña but her community, as this helped stop the building of the Conga Mine. Acuña’s fight inspired resistance across Cajamarca and Peru, leading Acuña to become the spokesperson during civic engagements and protests against open pit mining. Acuña is one of many growing voices in Peru that are protesting the expansion of mines as they are hurting the health of citizens and the health of the environment. Due to her successful fight and continued advocacy, Acuña was awarded the 2016 Goldman Prize, the most important award for environmental activists. May her endless grit and dedication be an inspiration to activists throughout the world[7].

 


 

Bibliography

Amnistía Internacional. 2017. “El caso de Máxima Acuña: David contra Goliat.” Amnistía Internacional España. https://www.es.amnesty.org/en-que-estamos/blog/historia/articulo/el-caso-de-maxima-acuna-david-contra-goliat/.

BBC. 2016. “Máxima Acuña, la campesina peruana "heredera" de la activista asesinada Berta Cáceres.” BBC News Mundo. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2016/04/160418_peru_campesina_maxima_acuna_gana_premio_goldman_heredera_berta_caceres_lv.

Chungo y Batann. n.d. “Yanacocha busca anular juicio que Máxima Acuña ganó en el 2014 [Photo Only].” muqui. https://muqui.org/yanacocha-busca-anular-juicio-que-maxima-acuna-gano-en-el-2014/.

EarthRights Interntational. n.d. “Maxima Acuña-Atalaya v. Newmont Mining Corp.” EarthRights Interntational. https://earthrights.org/case/maxima-acuna-atalaya-v-newmont-mining-corp/.

Etiqueta Negra. 2015. “Perú: La verdad sobre Máxima Acuña de Chaupe.” Bio Diversidadla. https://www.biodiversidadla.org/Noticias/Peru_La_verdad_sobre_Maxima_Acuna_de_Chaupe.

Front Line Defenders. n.d. “Historia del caso: Máxima Acuña de Chaupe.” Front Line Defenders. https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/es/case/historia-del-caso-m%C3%A1xima-acu%C3%B1a-de-chaupe.

Gariwo. n.d. “Máxima Acuña (1970) The Peruvian activist who’s struggling against the Yanacocha.” Gariwo. https://en.gariwo.net/righteous/environment-and-climate-change/maxima-acua-19563.html.

Goldman Environmental Prize. 2016. “Máxima Acuña acceptance speech, 2016 Goldman Prize ceremony.” YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=orxv3jPsOgM.

Goldman Prize. 2016. “2016 Goldman Prize Winner: Máxima Acuña.” The Goldman Environmental Prize. https://www.goldmanprize.org/recipient/maxima-acuna/.

Inclan, Isabel. 2019. “Máxima Acuña la indígena peruana que desafía a una multinacional.” AMECO Press. https://amecopress.net/Maxima-Acuna-la-indigena-peruana-que-desafia-a-una-multinacional.

International Land Coalition. n.d. “La incansable lucha de Máxima Acuña, la defensora que resiste ante las mineras.” International Land Coalition. https://lac.landcoalition.org/es/noticias/la-incansable-lucha-de-maxima-acunia-la-defensora-que-resiste-ante-las-mineras/.

La Mula. n.d. “Máxima Acuña ganó el premio ambiental más importante del mundo [Photo Only].” Conservanos Por Naturaleza. Yanacocha busca anular juicio que Máxima Acuña ganó en el 2014.

Lopez Tarabochia, Milton. 2017. “Peruvian Supreme Court acquits Máxima Acuña in case brought by mining company Yanacocha.” Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/2017/05/peruvian-supreme-court-acquits-maxima-acuna-in-case-brought-by-mining-company-yanacocha/.

Servindi. 2016. “Máxima Acuña obtiene el Premio Goldman. Adiós Yanacocha” [Photo Only]. Bio Diversidadla. https://www.biodiversidadla.org/Noticias/Maxima_Acuna_obtiene_el_Premio_Goldman._Adios_Yanacocha.

 



[1]Goldman Prize. 2016. “2016 Goldman Prize Winner: Máxima Acuña.” The Goldman Environmental Prize. https://www.goldmanprize.org/recipient/maxima-acuna/.

[2] Ibid.

[3] Ibid.

[4] Ibid.

[5]Front Line Defenders. n.d. “Historia del caso: Máxima Acuña de Chaupe.” Front Line Defenders. https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/es/case/historia-del-caso-m%C3%A1xima-acu%C3%B1a-de-chaupe.

[6]Gariwo. n.d. “Máxima Acuña (1970) The Peruvian activist who’s struggling against the Yanacocha.” Gariwo. https://en.gariwo.net/righteous/environment-and-climate-change/maxima-acua-19563.html.

[7]Goldman Prize. 2016. “2016 Goldman Prize Winner: Máxima Acuña.” The Goldman Environmental Prize. https://www.goldmanprize.org/recipient/maxima-acuna/.


transcripción en español

 

Imagínate que eres una persona que vive tranquila, en una región rural, viviendo de tus propios cultivos y sin perturbar el medioambiente que te rodea. Pero de repente, un día de la nada te despiertan los golpes a tu puerta de la policía y de empleados de una mina y te obligan a desalojar tu casa. Que miedo, ¿verdad? Bueno, esto no es una hipótesis, es la historia verdadera de Máxima Acuña de Chaupe, la mujer que nunca buscó convertirse en una activista, pero no tuvo opción en convertirse en una.

Máxima Acuña es una mujer de Cajamarca, Perú. En 1994, Acuña compró un terreno con su esposo en la sierra norte, conocido como Tragadero Grande[1]. Acuña vivía de su tierra de forma independiente con su esposo y sus hijos, cultivando papas y criando ganado para producir leche y queso. Desafortunadamente, su vida dio un giro en 2011 cuando las compañías mineras Newmont (con sede en el estado Colorado de los EE. UU.) y Buenaventura (con sede en Perú) intentaron ampliar su mina, Yanacocha, a tierras dentro de la casa de Acuña[2].

El nuevo proyecto, Mina Conga (una mina de cielo abierto), tenía como objetivo “drenar cuatro lagos cercanos… para convertirlos en un pozo de almacenamiento de desechos”, destruyendo los ecosistemas locales y contaminando aún más las fuentes de agua potable de los alrededores[3]. Debido a que la tierra de Acuña estaba en el camino de los planes de estas compañías mineras, en el 2011 representantes de la mina y oficiales de policía exigieron que Acuña abandonara su hogar. Acuña se negó a irse, mostrándoles sus documentos legales que demostraban su escritura de garantía de su propiedad. Sin embargo, representantes de la mina y oficiales de policía utilizaron la violencia para sacarla de su hogar; lastimando físicamente a ella y a su familia. Dejaron a Acuña y a una de sus hijas inconscientes después de haber sido brutalmente golpeadas[4].

La empresa minera presentó cargos de “ocupación ilegal” contra Acuña, por los que el tribunal provincial la declaró culpable. Fue condenada a 3 años de prisión y multada con $5,500 soles (equivalentes a 2.200 dólares estadounidenses). Con recursos limitados, Acuña recurrió a GRUFIDES para obtener representación legal, una ONG de Cajamarca que ayuda a representar a los cajamerquinos en casos similares. La abogada de Acuña, Mirtha Vazques, apeló el veredicto ante la Corte Suprema de Perú. Pero apezar que Acuña empezo el proceso de apelación, la policía siguió entrando a su casa, sus cultivos fueron destruidos y recibió amenazas de muerte e intentos de asesinato por parte de los empleadores de la mina Yonachoca[5].. El abuso se estaba volviendo tan grave que el 5 de mayo de 2014 la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos “estableció algunas medidas cautelares para 46 defensores de derechos humanos pertenecientes a la comunidad campesina de Cajamarca” en virtud del artículo 25 de su comisión[6].

Sin embargo, después de años de violencia que soporto Acuña, en diciembre de 2014 los tribunales revocaron el veredicto original de los tribunales provinciales, y su sentencia de prisión fue revocada y el desalojo suspendido. Esta fue una gran victoria no solo para Acuña sino para su comunidad, ya que ayudó a detener la construcción de la mina Conga. La lucha de Acuña inspiró resistencia en Cajamarca y Perú, lo que la llevó a convertirse en portavoz durante los compromisos cívicos y las protestas contra la minería a cielo abierto. Acuña es una de las muchas voces en aumento en Perú que protestan contra la expansión de las minas, ya que están dañando la salud de los ciudadanos y la salud del medio ambiente. Debido a su exitosa lucha y su continua defensa, Acuña recibió el Premio Goldman 2016, el premio más importante para los activistas ambientales.

Que su infinita determinación y dedicación sean una inspiración para los activistas de todo el mundo[7].


 

Bibliography

Amnistía Internacional. 2017. “El caso de Máxima Acuña: David contra Goliat.” Amnistía Internacional España. https://www.es.amnesty.org/en-que-estamos/blog/historia/articulo/el-caso-de-maxima-acuna-david-contra-goliat/.

BBC. 2016. “Máxima Acuña, la campesina peruana "heredera" de la activista asesinada Berta Cáceres.” BBC News Mundo. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2016/04/160418_peru_campesina_maxima_acuna_gana_premio_goldman_heredera_berta_caceres_lv.

Chungo y Batann. n.d. “Yanacocha busca anular juicio que Máxima Acuña ganó en el 2014 [Photo Only].” muqui. https://muqui.org/yanacocha-busca-anular-juicio-que-maxima-acuna-gano-en-el-2014/.

EarthRights Interntational. n.d. “Maxima Acuña-Atalaya v. Newmont Mining Corp.” EarthRights Interntational. https://earthrights.org/case/maxima-acuna-atalaya-v-newmont-mining-corp/.

Etiqueta Negra. 2015. “Perú: La verdad sobre Máxima Acuña de Chaupe.” Bio Diversidadla. https://www.biodiversidadla.org/Noticias/Peru_La_verdad_sobre_Maxima_Acuna_de_Chaupe.

Front Line Defenders. n.d. “Historia del caso: Máxima Acuña de Chaupe.” Front Line Defenders. https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/es/case/historia-del-caso-m%C3%A1xima-acu%C3%B1a-de-chaupe.

Gariwo. n.d. “Máxima Acuña (1970) The Peruvian activist who’s struggling against the Yanacocha.” Gariwo. https://en.gariwo.net/righteous/environment-and-climate-change/maxima-acua-19563.html.

Goldman Environmental Prize. 2016. “Máxima Acuña acceptance speech, 2016 Goldman Prize ceremony.” YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=orxv3jPsOgM.

Goldman Prize. 2016. “2016 Goldman Prize Winner: Máxima Acuña.” The Goldman Environmental Prize. https://www.goldmanprize.org/recipient/maxima-acuna/.

Inclan, Isabel. 2019. “Máxima Acuña la indígena peruana que desafía a una multinacional.” AMECO Press. https://amecopress.net/Maxima-Acuna-la-indigena-peruana-que-desafia-a-una-multinacional.

International Land Coalition. n.d. “La incansable lucha de Máxima Acuña, la defensora que resiste ante las mineras.” International Land Coalition. https://lac.landcoalition.org/es/noticias/la-incansable-lucha-de-maxima-acunia-la-defensora-que-resiste-ante-las-mineras/.

La Mula. n.d. “Máxima Acuña ganó el premio ambiental más importante del mundo [Photo Only].” Conservanos Por Naturaleza. Yanacocha busca anular juicio que Máxima Acuña ganó en el 2014.

Lopez Tarabochia, Milton. 2017. “Peruvian Supreme Court acquits Máxima Acuña in case brought by mining company Yanacocha.” Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/2017/05/peruvian-supreme-court-acquits-maxima-acuna-in-case-brought-by-mining-company-yanacocha/.

Servindi. 2016. “Máxima Acuña obtiene el Premio Goldman. Adiós Yanacocha” [Photo Only]. Bio Diversidadla. https://www.biodiversidadla.org/Noticias/Maxima_Acuna_obtiene_el_Premio_Goldman._Adios_Yanacocha.

 



[1]Goldman Prize. 2016. “2016 Goldman Prize Winner: Máxima Acuña.” The Goldman Environmental Prize. https://www.goldmanprize.org/recipient/maxima-acuna/.

[2] Ibid.

[3] Ibid.

[4] Ibid.

[5]Front Line Defenders. n.d. “Historia del caso: Máxima Acuña de Chaupe.” Front Line Defenders. https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/es/case/historia-del-caso-m%C3%A1xima-acu%C3%B1a-de-chaupe.

[6]Gariwo. n.d. “Máxima Acuña (1970) The Peruvian activist who’s struggling against the Yanacocha.” Gariwo. https://en.gariwo.net/righteous/environment-and-climate-change/maxima-acua-19563.html.

[7]Goldman Prize. 2016. “2016 Goldman Prize Winner: Máxima Acuña.” The Goldman Environmental Prize. https://www.goldmanprize.org/recipient/maxima-acuna/.


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