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Agent Orange: Environmental and Health Effects





Agent Orange: Environmental and Health Effects 

by Marisa de la Villa


Picture this: It’s 1962 [1]. Deep in the jungles of Vietnam, the United States military introduced a powerful weapon unlike any other. Rather than machine guns and tanks, the Americans brought in something completely new– a tactical herbicide was used for control of vegetation during the Vietnam War. Agent Orange swept through Vietnam like a tidal wave. It was used to destroy and reduce the value of crops, improve visibility, and eliminate any possible enemy cover in war [2].  Agent Orange did more than just clear out trees, though– this highly destructive chemical has left behind a toxic legacy that is still present today, provoking irreversible damage to the environment and severely hurting both civilians and the military. Scary, isn’t it? That’s only a small glimpse of the destruction brought about by the use of chemicals in the Vietnam War. 

 The U.S. had initially planned to weaken the enemy forces of the Viet Cong by destroying any sort of forest cover in North Vietnam and some parts of South Vietnam. So, enemy movements, ambush sites, and supply routes were exposed and more easily destroyed. Overall, it has been estimated that over 74 million liters of tactical herbicides were used in Vietnam during 1961-1971, 60% of which being Agent Orange (43 million liters) [3].  Yes, Agent Orange was highly effective in terms of the U.S.’ military mission, but, at what cost? 

 Agent Orange was sprayed at 20 times the recommended concentration, defoliating millions of acres of forest and farmland, much of which is still degraded and not suitable for farming today, as well as releasing dioxin, a highly toxic chemical [4]. Even in tiny amounts, this chemical can cause severe, long-lasting health and environmental issues. After being sprayed, the dioxin-laced droplets seeped deep into the soil, directly contaminating the lands for years. As a result, both Vietnamese citizens and U.S. soldiers were exposed to chronic health risks such as cancers, neurological diseases and birth defects, as well as impacting surrounding areas and test sites with irreversible environmental damages [5]

 American soldiers had no idea what they’d signed up for– initially, serving in the war was taken as a patriotic duty, especially within the context of fighting communism in the Cold War. However, as the war dragged on, and U.S. soldiers started experiencing the physical and psychological effects of it, people began to question their initial enthusiasm. This was especially true when soldiers returned with severe illnesses and newly developed health issues [6]. It wasn’t until 1984 that the first significant piece of legislation regarding Agent Orange was passed: The Veteran’s Dioxin and Radiation Exposure Compensation Standards Act [7]. This meant that veterans had to wait roughly a decade after being exposed to insane amounts of dioxin to receive compensation. However, the process of recognizing eligible diseases and providing compensation to those who need it continued for years after that. 

 The fact that dioxin is still present in the environment today, over 60 years after its first use, means that generations of people continue to suffer its effects. Agent Orange wasn’t an issue that was only present during the Vietnam War– its consequences still haunt us today. The loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, water contamination, and the destruction of mangroves, are all consequences of this excessive use of Agent Orange in Vietnam. However, this tactical herbicide did not solely affect Vietnam. The United States had conducted secret testing of this chemical in various different locations around the world, including Texas, Mississippi, Puerto Rico, Laos, and Canada [8]

In 2018, Congress signed the Consolidated Appropriations Act, allocating funding for dioxin cleanup and health support in Vietnam, sending $20 million to environmental remediation in dioxin-contaminated sites, and $10 million toward the health and disability programs in affected areas [9]. This commitment is a significant step toward addressing Agent Orange’s destructive impact, but transparency and accountability toward some of the remaining dioxin-contaminated test sites is still necessary in order to fully confront the herbicide's legacy [10]


Notes 

1. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides, “History of the Controversy over the Use of Herbicides,” Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam., January 1, 1994, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK236351/. 

2. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Blue Water Navy Vietnam Veterans and Agent Orange Exposure, “Selected Chemicals Used during the Vietnam War,” Blue Water Navy Vietnam Veterans and Agent Orange Exposure., January 1, 1970, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK209597/. 

3. Ibid 

4. “What Is Agent Orange?,” The Aspen Institute, December 17, 2018, https://www.aspeninstitute.org/programs/agent-orange-in-vietnam-program/what-is-agent-orange/. 

5. Veterans Health Administration US Department of Veterans Affairs, “Va.Gov: Veterans Affairs,” Protect your health, December 10, 2013, https://www.publichealth.va.gov/exposures/agentorange/conditions/. 

6. Ibid 

7. H.R.1961 - 98th Congress (1983-1984): Veterans’ Dioxin and Radiation Exposure Compensation Standards Act | congress.gov | Library of Congress, accessed November 4, 2024, https://www.congress.gov/bill/98th-congress/house-bill/1961. 

8. Veterans Health Administration US Department of Veterans Affairs, “Va.Gov: Veterans Affairs,” Protect your health, December 17, 2013, https://www.publichealth.va.gov/exposures/agentorange/locations/tests-storage/outside-vietnam.asp. 

9. Michael F Martin, “U.S. Agent Orange/Dioxin Assistance to Vietnam,” Congress.gov, accessed November 4, 2024, https://crsreports.congress.gov/. 

10. “Addressing the Harmful Legacy of Agent Orange in Vietnam,” United States Institute of Peace, January 27, 2022, https://www.usip.org/publications/2022/01/addressing-harmful-legacy-agent-orange-vietnam#:~:text=A%20greater%20emphasis%20has%20been,Orange%20hot%20spot%20in%20Vietnam. 


Works Cited 

“Addressing the Harmful Legacy of Agent Orange in Vietnam.” United States Institute of Peace, January 27, 2022. 
https://www.usip.org/publications/2022/01/addressing-harmful-legacy-agent-orange-vietnam#:~:text=A%20greater%20emphasis%20has%20been,Orange%20hot%20spot%20in%20Vietnam. 

 H.R.1961 - 98th Congress (1983-1984): Veterans’ Dioxin and Radiation Exposure Compensation Standards Act | congress.gov | Library of Congress. Accessed October 21, 2024. https://www.congress.gov/bill/98th-congress/house-bill/1961. 

 Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides. “History of the Controversy over the Use of Herbicides.” Veterans and Agent Orange: Health Effects of Herbicides Used in Vietnam., January 1, 1994. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK236351/. 

 Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Blue Water Navy Vietnam Veterans and Agent Orange Exposure. “Selected Chemicals Used during the Vietnam War.” Blue Water Navy Vietnam Veterans and Agent Orange Exposure., January 1, 1970. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK209597/. 

 Martin, Michael F. “U.S. Agent Orange/Dioxin Assistance to Vietnam.” Congress.gov. Accessed October 23, 2024. https://crsreports.congress.gov/. 

 US Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration. “Va.Gov: Veterans Affairs.” Protect your health, December 10, 2013.
 https://www.publichealth.va.gov/exposures/agentorange/conditions/. US Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration. “Va.Gov: Veterans Affairs.” Protect your health, December 17, 2013. https://www.publichealth.va.gov/exposures/agentorange/locations/tests-storage/outside-vietnam.asp. “What Is Agent Orange?” The Aspen Institute, December 17, 2018. https://www.aspeninstitute.org/programs/agent-orange-in-vietnam-program/what-is-agent-orange/.



transcripción en español

Imagínate esto: Es el 1962. Entre las junglas de Vietnam, el ejército estadounidense introdujo un arma que no se igualaba a nada. En vez de utilizar armas como ametralladoras o tanques, los americanos se enfocaron en algo nuevo– un herbicida táctico fue utilizado para controlar la vegetación en la guerra de Vietnam. El Agente Naranja atacó Vietnam como un maremoto. Fue utilizado para destruir y reducir el valor de los cultivos, mejorar la visibilidad y eliminar cualquier posible cobertura enemiga en la guerra. El Agente Naranja hizo más que solo eliminar la cubierta de árboles– este químico ha dejado un legado extremadamente tóxico que aún sigue afectando a Vietnam hoy día, provocando daños irreversibles al medio ambiente y afectando directamente a civiles y a militares. Da miedo, ¿no? Eso es solo un fragmento de los daños causados por el uso de químicos en la guerra de Vietnam.

Inicialmente, los EE.UU. planeaban destruir los bosques de Vietnam del Norte y Sur para que sus enemigos no se pudiesen ocultar entre las hojas. Entonces, movimientos, zonas de ataque y rutas del suministro fueron mucho más fácil de encontrar y destruir. Se puede estimar que se habían usado mas de 74 millones de litros de químicos en Vietnam entre 1961 y 1971, 60% de ellos siendo de Agente Naranja (43 millones de litros). Sí, el Agente Naranja fue muy eficaz en términos de su misión, pero, ¿verdaderamente valió la pena?

El uso del Agente Naranja fue extremadamente peligroso– fue utilizado en una cantidad extrema, a un volumen de 20 veces más alto de lo recomendado por sus creadores, y asistió en defoliar millones de pies de tierras. Adicionalmente, el uso del Agente Naranja introdujo a la dioxina al medioambiente, un químico extremadamente peligroso. Aún en cantidades mínimas, este químico puede tener efectos desastrosos. Después de ser rociado, las gotitas del químico se mezclaban con la tierra, contaminando a Vietnam por años. Como resultado de todo esto, los militares americanos, al igual que ciudadanos vietnamitas, fueron directamente expuestos a problemas de salud, por ejemplo, cánceres, enfermedades neurológicas y defectos del nacimiento, al igual que impactos irreversibles en el medioambiente. 

Los soldados americanos no tenían ni idea en lo que se habían involucrado– inicialmente, era un alto honor servir en EE.UU., especialmente bajo el contexto de la batalla contra el comunismo en la Guerra Fría. Pero, mientras pasaba el tiempo, y los soldados americanos comenzaron a tener problemas físicos y psicológicos, mucha gente empezó a perder ese entusiasmo. Esto se iba notando más y más mientras los soldados iban regresando con distintos problemas. No fue hasta el 1984, diez años después, que se aprobó el “Veteran’s Dioxin and Radiation Exposure Compensation Standards Act,” cuyo propósito era ayudar a que los veteranos afectados pudieran recibir algún tipo de compensación. El proceso de reconocer las distintas enfermedades y poder ayudar a los necesitados continuó por años después. 

El hecho de que la dioxina siga presente en el medioambiente hoy día, más de 60 años después de su primer uso, significa que generaciones de gente siguen sufriendo los efectos del químico. El Agente Naranja no solo fue un problema existente en la Guerra de Vietnam– sus consecuencias siguen presentes al día de hoy. El uso excesivo del Agente Naranja en Vietnam ha resultado en la destrucción de manglares, la contaminación del agua, y que la calidad de la tierra baje sustancialmente. Es importante destacar que este químico no sólo afectó a Vietnam– los Estados Unidos habían usado distintos lugares del mundo como prueba para ver los efectos del químico. Estos incluyen a los estados de Texas y Mississippi, al igual que Puerto Rico, Laos y Canadá. 

En el 2018, el Congreso americano firmó el “Consolidated Appropriations Act,” que ayudó a distribuir dinero a para remedios en Vietnam, enviando $20 millones a lugares contaminados, y $10 millones a programas de salud en algunas áreas afectadas. Esto suele ser un paso hacia el reconocimiento global de los daños causados por el uso del Agente Naranja, pero todavía hace falta asumir las distintas responsabilidades que le pertenecen a los involucrados, especialmente en los lugares que sirvieron como lugares de prueba (test-sites), que todavía en estos momentos requieren ayuda para poder confrontar el legado del herbicida.  



中文轉錄



Agent Orange: Environmental and Health Effects (橙剂:其环境与健康影响)

想象一下这样的场景:时间是1962年。越南的丛林深处,美国军方引入了一种前所未有的强大武器。不同于机枪与坦克,这一次他们带来的,是一种全新的作战手段——一种被用于越战期间控制植被生长的战术除草剂(tactical herbicide)。

这种化学武器名为橙剂(Agent Orange),它如同海啸般席卷了整个越南。它被用于摧毁和降低农作物价值、改善战场能见度,并清除敌军可能藏身的掩体。然而,橙剂的破坏远远超出了“清理树木”的层面——这种高破坏性的化学物质留下了一份至今仍在持续的有毒遗产,对环境造成了不可逆转的损害,也严重伤害了无数平民与军人。可怕吧?而这,仅仅是越战期间化学武器所带来毁灭的冰山一角。

美国最初的计划是通过摧毁北越及部分南越的森林覆盖,以削弱越共(Viet Cong)的军事力量。这样一来,敌军的行军路线、伏击地点与补给线都会暴露,更容易遭到摧毁。据估计,在1961年至1971年之间,美国在越南共喷洒了超过7400万升战术除草剂(74 million liters of tactical herbicides),其中约有60%是橙剂——高达4300万升(43 million liters)。诚然,从军事角度看,橙剂确实帮助美军实现了作战目标,但——代价是什么?

橙剂被喷洒时的浓度是建议浓度的20倍,造成了数百万英亩森林和农田的“秃化”,其中许多地区至今仍贫瘠、无法耕种。同时,它释放出一种名为二恶英(dioxin)的高毒性化学物质。即便是极其微量的二恶英,也足以导致严重且长期的健康与环境问题。喷洒后,这些含二恶英的化学微滴渗入土壤深层,造成土地多年来持续污染。结果,越南平民与美国士兵都暴露在长期的健康风险中——包括癌症、神经系统疾病、先天缺陷等——而周围环境与试验场地也因而遭受了不可逆的生态破坏。

美国士兵当初并不知道自己卷入了怎样的灾难。起初,参战被视为一种爱国义务(patriotic duty),尤其是在冷战时期“反共”意识形态的背景下。然而,随着战争的延长,美军士兵开始经历身心的严重影响,人们也开始质疑他们最初的热情。尤其当这些士兵带着严重疾病与新出现的健康问题回国后,公众的疑问愈加强烈。直到1984年,美国才首次通过与橙剂相关的重要立法——《退伍军人二恶英与辐射暴露赔偿标准法案》(The Veteran’s Dioxin and Radiation Exposure Compensation Standards Act)。这意味着,退伍军人从暴露于高浓度二恶英到获得赔偿,足足等了将近十年。而且,对符合赔偿条件的疾病的认定与赔付过程在之后仍持续多年。

令人震惊的是,距橙剂首次使用已逾六十年,它的毒性仍然存在于环境之中,几代人仍在承受其后果。橙剂并非只属于越战时期的问题——它的阴影至今仍在延伸。生物多样性的丧失、土壤退化、水源污染、红树林破坏,都是当年滥用橙剂的直接后果。而且,这种战术除草剂不仅影响了越南。美国曾在全球多个地区秘密进行橙剂试验,包括德克萨斯州(Texas)、密西西比州(Mississippi)、波多黎各(Puerto Rico)、老挝(Laos)以及加拿大(Canada)。

2018年,美国国会通过了《综合拨款法案(Consolidated Appropriations Act)》,拨款用于清理受二恶英污染的地区并支持越南的健康救助工作。该法案中,美国政府向环境修复项目拨款2000万美元($20 million),并向健康与残疾援助项目拨款1000万美元($10 million)。这项承诺是应对橙剂破坏遗留问题的重要一步,但若要真正面对这种化学遗产的全部后果,仍需更高程度的透明度与问责机制,以彻底清理仍受污染的试验场与环境区域。

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