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Robert D. Bullard and the Fight for Environmental Justice


 


Robert D. Bullard and the Fight for Environmental Justice 

 by Giovanna Rudis 

Imagine walking outside your home into a cloud of chemicals so thick, you can smell them in the air. Residents within the fifth district of Louisiana, otherwise known as Cancer Alley, are experiencing higher concentrations of pollution from waste plants than any other place in the U.S. Robert Taylor, a resident of a town called Reserve that lies within this district refers to it as the cancer capital of the world: “But we know people in this little town are suffering at a cancer rate that’s 700 to 800 times that of the nation.”

 Environmental racism, in which pollution is targeted towards minority communities, has been confronted at the intersection of the environmental justice and civil rights movements. Before 1987, environmental racism was not a familiar term, and very little was publicly known about the oppressive living conditions in minority communities in the Southern U.S. In 1987 the United Church of Christ (UCC) published a landmark study, “Toxic Wastes and Race in the United States,” spurring significant academic and governmental attention about previously overshadowed environmental burdens of low-income communities and people of color in the United States. The report discovered that “In communities with two or more [waste] facilities or one of the nation's five largest landfills, the average minority percentage of the population was more than three times that of communities without facilities (38 percent vs. 12 percent).” 

 Robert D. Bullard is a scientist confronting environmental racism from the forefront. His scholarly career took a significant turn when he published his seminal work in 1990, "Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality," entering the scene of environmental justice. Drawing on the UCC’s research and supported by his own, Bullard exposed the systematic siting of hazardous waste facilities in predominantly African American communities, specifically the region that has taken on the name “Cancer Alley.” Through empirical evidence and compelling narratives, Bullard's book illuminated the glaring reality of environmental racism, wherein marginalized communities bore the brunt of environmental degradation and toxic exposure due to discriminatory practices. His groundbreaking research catapulted Bullard to the forefront of the environmental justice movement, earning him recognition as the "Father of Environmental Justice." Bullard asserts that “the right to breathe is a basic right,” highlighting that global warming and pollution are as much a civil rights issue as a climate change one. 

 Throughout his distinguished career, Bullard has held various academic positions, including serving as the Dean of the Barbara Jordan-Mickey Leland School of Public Affairs at Texas Southern University and teaching at esteemed institutions such as the University of Houston and Emory University. He continues to tirelessly advocate for environmental justice issues, appearing on various news networks and convention boards. Believing that the U.S. is “way behind on policy,” Robert D. Bullard continues to raise awareness about the inersection of civil rights and environmental justice.

WORKS CITED

Bullard, Robert D. (2022). Dumping in Dixie: Race, class and Environmental Quality. Routledge.

Bullard, Robert D., et al. “Toxic Wastes and Race at Twenty: Why Race Still Matters After All of These Years.” Environmental Law, vol. 38, no. 2, 2008, pp. 371–411. JSTORhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/43267204. Accessed 12 Apr. 2024.

Chance, R. A. (2018). Father of Environmental Justice. The ‘father of environmental justice’ spoke to the Guardian about how the civil rights movement has spilled into environmentalism. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/dec/20/robert-bullard-interview-environmental-justice-civil-rights-movement.

Climate One. (2020, January 3). Bridging the gap between civil rights and environmental advocates. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dbo_xBWaQaQ

Our founder: Bullard Center for Environmental and Climate Justice. Bullard Center for Environmental and Climate Justice. (n.d.). https://www.bullardcenter.org/about/our-founder

Scientific American. (2023, September 19). The father of environmental justice reflects on the movement he helped to start. YouTube. https://youtu.be/5Ol_Zh7Qg4A?si=JGrb9cIZC0EvzqqA

Terrell, K. A., & St Julien, G. (2022). Air pollution is linked to higher cancer rates among black or impoverished communities in Louisiana. Environmental Research Letters17(1), 014033. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac4360

The Weather Channel. (2020, February 4). The father of environmental justice (2020: Race to save the Planet | Environmental Justice). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YUIJfWGZAhI 


transcripción en español

Imagínese caminar fuera de su casa y encontrarse con una nube de productos químicos tan gruesos que su olor es imposible ignorar. Los residentes del quinto distrito de Luisiana, conocido como "Cancer Alley", están viviendo entre mayores concentraciones de contaminación proveniente de plantas de desechos que cualquier otro lugar de los EE. UU. Robert Taylor, un residente de un pueblo que se llama Reserve dentro de este distrito, se refiere a su ciudad como "la capital mundial del cáncer": “Pero sabemos que la gente de esta pequeña ciudad sufre una proporción de cáncer que es entre 700 y 800 veces mayor que la de todos los Estados Unidos”.


El racismo ambiental, en el que la contaminación se dirige a comunidades minoritarias, se encuentra en una intersección entre los movimientos de justicia ambiental y derechos civiles. Antes de 1987, el racismo ambiental no era un término familiar y se sabía muy poco públicamente sobre las condiciones opresivas de la vida de las comunidades minoritarias del sur de los EE. UU. En 1987, la Iglesia Unida de Cristo (UCC) publicó un estudio histórico llamado, “Toxic Wastes and Race in Estados Unidos”, el estudio generó atención de académicos y gobernantes sobre las cargas ambientales de las comunidades de ingresos bajos y las personas de color en Estados Unidos. El informe descubrió que “en las comunidades con dos o más instalaciones [de desechos] o uno de los cinco vertederos más grandes del país, el porcentaje minoritario promedio de la población era más de tres veces mayor que el de las comunidades sin instalaciones (el 38% vs. 12%)".


Robert D. Bullard, un científico que enfrenta el racismo ambiental desde la vanguardia. Su carrera académica dio un giro significativo cuando publicó su trabajo fundamental en 1990, "Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality”. Basándose en la investigación de la UCC y de sus investigaciones propias, Bullard reveló la ubicación sistemática de instalaciones de desechos peligrosos en comunidades predominantemente afro americanas, específicamente los desechos de la región que adoptó el nombre "Cancer Alley". A través de evidencia empírica y narrativas convincentes, el libro de Bullard iluminó el problema del racismo ambiental; en el que las comunidades marginadas eran las más afectadas por la degradación ambiental y la exposición tóxica. Las investigaciones de Bullard lo llevaron a la vanguardia del movimiento por la justicia ambiental, lo que le valió el reconocimiento como el "Padre de la justicia ambiental". Bullard afirma que “el derecho a respirar es un derecho básico”, destacando que el calentamiento global y la contaminación son ambos cuestiones de derechos civiles y de cambio climático.


A lo largo de su distinguida carrera, Bullard ha ocupado varios puestos académicos. Bullard sirvió como decano de la Escuela de Asuntos Públicos Barbara Jordan-Mickey Leland de la Universidad del Sur de Texas. También, Bulla enseñó en instituciones estimadas como la Universidad de Houston y la Universidad Emory. Hoy, Bullard continúa defendiendo la justicia ambiental y aparece en varias redes de noticias y foros de convenciones para crear conciencia sobre este tema. Bullard cree que los Estados Unidos están “muy atrasados en crear pólizas para proteger el medio ambiente”. Por eso, Robert D. Bullard continúa dedicándose a crear una conexión entre los derechos civiles y la justicia ambiental.


中文轉錄


如果你一天踏出家門時張開口欲吸一口清新的空氣,迎面而來的卻是濃到可以聞到的毒氣,你會怎樣?又名「癌症走廊」的美國路易斯安那州第五區的居民每天吸的空氣所存在的污染物比任何一個州都要濃。這些污染物都是從廢物處理設施來的。住在區內一個名叫Reserve的小鎮的Robert Taylor形容小鎮是世界的癌症之都:「這個小鎮的居民患癌的比率是美國的700800倍。」

環境種族歧視是政府或企業不成比例地在少數族裔社區設立污染的工廠等的意思,這個問題在於環境正義和非裔民權運動之間。1987年前,環境種族歧視並不是眾所周知的議題,而美國南部州份的少數族裔社區裏的惡劣環境亦無人知曉。那年,美國聯合基督教會(UCC)出版了一份令人震驚的研究報吿。美國有毒排污物與種族的關係"(“Toxic Wastes and Race in the United States”)把少數族裔與低收入社群的環境問題帶到政府和學者的眼前。報吿發現:「擁有兩個焚化爐以上,或五個堆填區以上的社區裏的少數族裔比率是沒有廢物處理設施的社區的3倍。

 羅伯特D布拿特(Robert D. Bullard)是走在反抗環境種族歧視最前線的學者。他在1990年出版的"Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality"使他在研究此問題的圈子裏一夜成名。他透過現實的理據和感動的情節在UCC報吿的基礎上披露了廢物處理設施是如何刻意在「癌症走廊」等的黑人社區裏被安排建造的。因此,這些社群不成比例地受到污染。因此,他被稱為「環境正義之父」。「呼吸是最基本的人權」這句名言中可體會到全球暖化和環境污染不只是環保問題,更是人權問題。

布拿特在他的學術生涯裏當過不同的崗位,包括德薩斯南部大學的Barbara Jordan-Mickey Leland公共行政學院院長,以及在名校休斯頓大學和埃默里大學任教。他一直認為美國對此問題的政策遠遠落後,所以他繼續為環境正義的議題發聲,亦在新聞節目和學術論壇中發言,從而將環境正義帶到大眾去。





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