Remembering the 1984 UK Miners' Strike: Energy Transitions and Environmental Justice
by Ho Tsz Ching
On the left is a 1996 photo of a boarded-up house on an empty street in Grimethorpe, north-east England, a pit village that was economically dependent on its closed coal mine. On the right is a polluted river delta in Gokhana, Nigeria, home of the Ogoni people. What do these two pictures have in common? They are connected by Britain’s neoliberal energy policy of the 80s, which sought to cut costs by replacing domestic union-produced coal with foreign oil and gas at the cost of indigenous peoples like the Ogoni, who saw their homes rendered unlivable for decades to come.
Today, the world stands at the cusp of yet another energy transition. In the West, coal is dead, and the oil and natural gas which supplanted it may soon make way for nuclear, solar, and wind. As each resource fades into irrelevance, however, it takes with it the livelihoods of the workers who depended on it, and the homelands of the indigenous peoples unfortunate enough to have planted roots near the resource that replaces it. In Nigeria, Ken Saro-Wiwa’s struggle lives on with the latest generation of Ogoni activists, which you can learn about in our previous video. In Britain, we are still dealing with the aftermath of the Coal Transition: how it killed organized labor and the industrial working class. This is the miners’ strike of 1984.
It is impossible to illustrate the scale of the abscess wrought on Britain’s miners in a way that does it justice. For Margaret Thatcher, it was a small price to pay in exchange for the decimation of trade union power, which stood in the way of her free market economics[1]. For Arthur Scargill, president of the National Union of Mineworkers, it was meant to be an apocalyptic class struggle: Britain’s industrial class united against Thatcher and the National Coal Board’s plan to rip out the country’s beating heart[2]. Yet from the start there had been discord – his refusal to allow a national strike ballot had led many to doubt its legitimacy, and Nottinghamshire miners largely refused to strike. The largest wound was opened at the Battle of Orgreave on June 18th, 1984. Picketers had gathered facing massed ranks of police, where in a scene reminiscent of the Peterloo Massacre 150 years prior, mounted police repeatedly charged striking miners and smashed truncheons on their heads[3].
Meanwhile, less-noticeable cuts were surfacing in every pit community as more and more miners couldn’t afford to live. The scale of social support had been massive – women in particular had been instrumental in organising food parcels and strike centres, while those in mining families took on extra jobs or extended their hours for more income[4]. But however large the strike funds were, it would fail to outlast the government’s coal stockpiles in the waiting game. Miners who could no longer face the economic pressure fought with miners who refused to back down. In place of what Scargill called “loss without limit”, this was death by a thousand cuts – cuts to mining jobs, cuts to the social fabric of mining communities, and cuts to each miner’s self-concept.
Environmental justice activists are used to fighting on the side of indigenous communities like the Ogoni against corporations looking to exploit their resources.But the other side of unjust energy transitions – the communities left behind -- remains unaddressed. And there is the most uncomfortable question to consider: is environmentalism fundamentally incompatible with the labor movements of fossil fuel industries? The end of Britain’s mining industry was a consequence of the strike, but another was the replacement of coal with less polluting alternatives. If the strike had been successful, would it have led to Britain being more polluted than it is today? George Monbiot, in an opinion piece exchange with Scargill in 2007, seems to think so[5]. On the other hand, there is no real necessity to focus on alternate history; what we must do is focus on the present. The Campaign to Protect Pont Valley, a group formed to oppose an opencast mine, marched under its banner at the 2018 Durham Miner’s Gala next to those that flew proudly in 1984[6]. In Wakefield, the 2022 Yorkshire Miner’s Gala featured climate change in both its theme and its banners[7]. Solidarity between miners and environmentalists is not just possible, it is happening.
So what is the way forward? We must first cure the malaise in ex-mining communities. “Miners were consistently underestimated, I was underestimated, and I therefore underestimated myself. There was a lot of clever lads down the pit, a lot cleverer than me, and I see these lads now and I don’t feel that society has harnessed their ability, they’ve got to be encouraged to go for it.”[8] By encouraging them to use their energy to fight for local causes, environmentalists can let them see that their experiences are not just useful for historians, but for the younger generation of activists as well. Perhaps, one day, we might just see the old miner’s banners flying defiantly in protest once more alongside those fighting for a livable environment, as both causes join hands for a better future.
Works Cited
Conn, David. “The Scandal of Orgreave.” Guardian, May 18, 2017.
Gildea, Robert. “The Miners’ Strike of 1984-5: An Oral History.” Produced by the British Academy.
The British Academy 10-Minute Talks. Apr 14, 2021. https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/podcasts/10-minute-talks-miners-strike-1984-85/.
McGlade, James et al. “A Co-evolutionary framework for understanding transformations and
resilience of industrial and societal systems: The example of South Yorkshire Mining Communities.” In Complexity and Co-Evolution: Continuity and Change in Socio-economic Systems, 147-176. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar (2006). https://www.elgaronline.com/downloadpdf/184542140X.pdf#page=157
“Miners‘ Gala.” Campaign to Protect Pont Valley. July 26, 2018. Accessed Jan 19, 2024.
https://protectpontvalley.noblogs.org/miners-gala/.
Monbiot, George. “Opencast mines: Time to join forces with the would-be enemy.” Guardian, Mar
“Report of Nationalised Industries Policy Group.” Jun 30, 1977, Margaret Thatcher Foundation.
Accessed Jan 19, 2024. https://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/110795.
“UPDATE: Wakefield Miners’ festival returns to streets with focus on climate change.” Trades Union
Congress. May 13, 2022. https://www.tuc.org.uk/news/update-wakefield-miners-festival-returns-streets-focus-climate-change.
Women in the Miners' Strike, 1984-5, Wakefield: National Coal Mining Museum, 2020.
https://www.coalfield-women.org/.
[1] “Report of Nationalised Industries Policy Group,” Jun 30, 1977, Margaret Thatcher Foundation, accessed Jan 19, 2024, https://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/110795.
[2] Robert Gildea, “The Miners’ Strike of 1984-5: An Oral History,” Apr 14, 2021, in The British Academy 10-Minute Talks, produced by the British Academy, https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/podcasts/10-minute-talks-miners-strike-1984-85/.
[3] David Conn, “The Scandal of Orgreave,” Guardian, May 18, 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/may/18/scandal-of-orgreave-miners-strike-hillsborough-theresa-may.
[4] Women in the Miners' Strike, 1984-5 (Wakefield: National Coal Mining Museum, 2020), https://www.coalfield-women.org/.
[5] George Monbiot, “Opencast mines: Time to join forces with the would-be enemy,” Guardian, Mar 11, 2009, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/georgemonbiot/2009/mar/10/coal-miners-strike-scargill-opencast-protests-emissions.
[6] “Miners‘ Gala,” Campaign to Protect Pont Valley, July 26, 2018, accessed Jan 19, 2024, https://protectpontvalley.noblogs.org/miners-gala/.
[7] “UPDATE: Wakefield Miners’ festival returns to streets with focus on climate change,” Trades Union Congress, May 13, 2022, https://www.tuc.org.uk/news/update-wakefield-miners-festival-returns-streets-focus-climate-change.
[8] James McGlade et al. “A Co-evolutionary framework for understanding transformations and resilience of industrial and societal systems: The example of South Yorkshire Mining Communities,” in Complexity and Co-Evolution: Continuity and Change in Socio-economic Systems, (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2006), 166. https://www.elgaronline.com/downloadpdf/184542140X.pdf#page=157
transcripción en español
中文轉錄
左邊的照片是 攝於1996年的英格蘭東北部礦村格里米索普(Grimethorpe)的一條空蕩蕩的街道和一棟荒廢的屋子。經濟之柱的煤礦倒閉了,人也離開了。 右邊是奧戈尼人的故鄉,尼日利亞戈卡納(Gokhana)一個比石油被污染的三角洲。 這兩張圖有什麼共同點?它們因英國上世紀80 年代的新自由主義能源政策而聯繫在一起。該政策試圖通過用外國的石油和天然氣來取代國內工會隸屬礦工生產的煤炭,從而降低政府支出,而奧戈尼人等無數的原住民卻為 此政策付出了沉重的代價—這些被污染的家園將在未來幾十年內無法居住。
而今,世界正處於另一次能源轉型的開始。 在西方世界,煤炭已經不再存在,而取代它的石油和天然氣也可能再一次被核能、太陽能和風能取代。 然而,隨著每種資源逐漸失去價值,依賴它的工人的生計也會隨之消失,而不幸地選擇在取代它的資源附近紮根的原住民的家園也隨之消失。我們在之前的影片中提到尼日利亞人卡山偉華(Ken Saro-Wiwa)的薪火如何在奧戈尼人 (Ogoni)的新一代的鬥爭中相傳 ,而在英國的我們仍然在努力重建煤炭轉型後被扼殺了的產業工人階級和工會力量。以下是1984年的礦工罷工。
沒有人可以全面地描述英國礦工在罷工中遭受的疤痕。對當時的首相戴卓爾夫人來說,礦村經濟只是一個很小的代價來換取工會權力的削弱和創造自由市場經濟體的機會。對於英國礦工工會主席阿瑟·斯卡吉爾來說,這次罷工意味著一場世界末日般的階級鬥爭:英國工人階級即將團結起來反對戴卓爾夫人和國家煤炭委員會合謀摧毀國家心臟的計劃。然而,工人一開始就沒法團結,因為他拒絕允許工會對全國罷工展開投票。這導致許多人懷疑其合法性,而諾丁咸郡的礦工基本上拒絕罷工。最大的傷口是1984 年6 月18 日的奧格里夫戰役。騎警多次向罷工礦工發起衝鋒,再用警棍打碎額頭的場面讓人想起150 年前的彼得盧屠殺。
同時,越來越多的礦工失去收入,每個礦村都出現了無法看見的傷口。英國社會是大規模支持罷工的—婦女尤其在組織罷工中心的方面扮演了重要角色,而礦工家庭的女人們則靠加班或第二份工來幫補家計。可是,罷工資金無論有多大,它都無法比上政府的煤炭庫存。 無法再面對經濟壓力的礦工與拒絕退縮的礦工開始發生衝突。這不是斯卡吉爾所說的「無限損失」,而是千根繡花針造成的慢性死亡:一根刺在礦工崗位的數量,一根刺在礦工社會的結構,一根刺在每位礦工的自我概念。
環境正義人士習慣站在奧戈尼等原住民社區一方去反對那些試圖開發其資源的國際企業。可是,不公正能源轉型的另一面——被遺棄的社區——仍然沒有被解決到。這裏還有一個最令人不安的問題:環保主義與化石燃料產業的勞工運動是否根本水火不容? 英國採礦業的衰退的確是罷工的結果,但另一個結果是煤炭的淘汰。 如果罷工成功了,英國的污染會否比現在更嚴重? 喬治·蒙比奧特 (George Monbiot) 在 2007 年回應斯卡吉爾的專欄時是這麼認為的。另一方面,我們並沒有去想平行時空的需要。 保護蓬谷運動 (Campaign to Protect Pont Valley) 是一個為反對當地露天礦場而成立的組織,他們在 2018 年的杜倫礦工盛會上,與曾經 1984 年驕傲地飄揚的旗一起遊行。在域菲,2022 年的約克郡礦工晚會的主題和橫幅都以氣候變遷為主題。 礦工和環保人士之間的團結不僅是可能的,而且正在發生。
前進的方向是什麼呢?我們必須先治癒前採礦社區的壞景氣。「礦工一直被低估,我也被低估,因此我也低估了自己。坑裡有很多聰明的小伙子,比我聰明得多。我現在看到這些小伙子時,並不認為社會已經採用了他們的能力,必須鼓勵他們去努力。」環保人士若果透過鼓勵他們利用自己的精力為當地社會問題而奮鬥,就可以讓他們看到他們的經驗不僅對歷史學家有用,而且對年輕一代也有用。也許有一天,我們會看到老礦工的橫幅再次與那些為環境正義的一起飛揚,抗議,共創美好未來。
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